Class XII – Psychology Sample Paper – 3

Ans. (d) Humanistic-Existential Therapy

Ans. (b) Albert Ellis

Ans. (a) Second person

Ans. (c) Bulimia nervosa

Ans. (d) All of these

Ans. (c) II, III and IV

Ans. (b) Resilience

Ans. (a) Physical exercise

Ans. (c) Reaction formation

Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

Ans. (c) I, II and III

Ans. (b) resistance

Ans. (b) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

Ans. (c) Richard LaPiere

Ans. The Jaspreet’s personality is called as ‘Bodily- Kinaesthetic’ which is an ability to use whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively. It consists of the use of whole body or portions of it for display or construction of products and problem solving

Ans. The common signs of stress include stomach upsets, body aches, nausea, diarrhoea and fever, etc. Chronic daily stress can divert an individual’s attention from caring for herself or himself.

Ans. Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. These skills are essential for personal well-being, successful social interactions and achieving one’s goals.

Ans. Samarth is suffering with identity crisis disorder. This theory was given by Erikson, which lays stress on rational, conscious ego processes in personality development.

Ans. According to many behaviourists, the structural unit of personality is the ‘response’. Each response is a behaviour, which is emitted to satisfy a specific need.

Ans. During phallic stage, male child experience Oedipus Complex. It involves love for the mother, hostility towards the father and consequent fear of punishment by the father.

Ans. In psychological studies, depression and mania are mood descenders.

Symptoms associated with depression are as follows

(i) Change in body weight

(ii) Constant sleep problems

(iii) Tiredness

(iv) Inability to think clearly

(v) Agitation

(vi) Negative self-concept

(vii) No interest in pleasurable activities

(viii) Greatly slower behaviour

(ix) Thoughts of death and suicide

Symptoms associated with mania are as follows

(i) Person become euphoric (high)

(ii) Extremely active

(iii) Excessively talkative

(iv) Easily distractible.

Ans. Obsessive behaviour is the inability to stop thinking about a particular idea or topic. People affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder are unable to control their preoccupation with specific ideas or are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly carrying out a particular act or series of acts that affect their ability to carry out normal activities.

Ans. Unconditional positive regards indicate that the positive warmth of the therapist is not dependent on what the client reveals or does in the therapy sessions. This unique unconditional warmth ensures that the client feels secure, can trust the therapist and feels secure enough to explore her/ his feelings.

The therapist reflects the feelings of the client in a non-judgemental manner. The reflection is achieved by rephrasing the statements of the client i.e. seeking simple clarifications to enhance the meaning of the client’s statements. This process of reflection helps the client to become integrated. This therapy helps a client to become her/his real self with the therapist working as a facilitator.

Ans. Negative and positive reinforcement for behaviour are

(i) Negative Reinforcement: It is a major technique of behaviour modification. Responses that lead organisms to get rid of painful stimuli or avoid and escape from them provide negative reinforcement. For example, one learns to put on woolen clothes, burn firewood or use electric heaters to avoid the unpleasant cold weather. Person learns to move away from dangerous stimuli because they provide negative reinforcement.

(ii) Positive Reinforcement: If an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit. The positive reinforcement used by the child’s mother by preparing the child’s favourite food will increase the behaviour of doing homework at the appointed time.

Ans. Yoga and meditation are ancient Indian techniques mentioned in the Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras. Yoga is commonly refer to the asanas or body posture component or to breathing practices or pranayama. Yoga techniques enhance well-being, mood, attention, mental focus and stress tolerance.

Proper training by a skilled teacher and a 30-minute practice every day will maximise the benefits. Insomnia is treated with yoga. Yoga also reduces the time to go to sleep and improves the quality of sleep.

Meditation refers to the practice of focusing attention on breath or on an object or thought or a mantra. In Vipasana meditation, also known as mindfulness-based meditation, there is no fixed object or thought to hold the attention.

Ans. The children who show intellectual deficiency are termed as mentally challenged or mentally retarded. As a group, there is wide variation among the mentally deficient or retarded.

The American on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) views mental retardation as “significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period”.

This definition points to three basic features

(i) First, in order to be judged as mentally retarded, a person must show significantly sub-average intellectual functioning. Persons having IQ below 70 are judged to have sub- average intelligence.

(ii) The second relates to deficits in adaptive behaviour. Adaptive behaviour refers to a person’s capacity to be independent and deal effectively with one’s environment.

(iii) The third feature is that the deficits must be observed during the developmental period that is between 0 and 18 years of age.

Ans. Following are some characteristics of emotionally intelligent persons

(i) Perceive and be sensitive to various types of emotions in others by noting their body language, voice and tone and facial expressions.

(ii) Relate your emotions to your thoughts so that you take them into account while solving problems and taking decisions.

(iii) Understand the powerful influence of the nature and intensity of your emotions.

(iv) Control and regulate your emotions and their expressions while dealing with self and others to achieve harmony and peace.

Ans. Psychologically, the stress refers to the emotional and physiological reactions experienced when an individual faces a situation, where that individual failed to cope up with. As we can see, how Rehana is living in such unconducive atmosphere, where she feels like loneliness and helplessness.

Stressors, a stimuli that cause our body to give the stress response. Such events include noise, crowding, a bad relationship, or the daily commuting to school or office. The perception of stress is dependent upon the individual’s cognitive appraisal of events and the resources available to deal with them.

The stress process, is based on the cognitive theory of stress propounded by Lazarus and his colleagues which can be demonstrated as “Cause-Internal State -Result (Stress Reaction)”. An individual’s response to a stressful situation largely depends upon the perceived events and how they are interpreted or appraised.

Ans. Psychologists have proposed several theories of intelligence. These theories can be broadly classified as a psychometric/structural approach or an information-processing approach.

The psychometric approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.

Information-processing approach describes the processes that people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving. The major focus of this approach is on how an intelligent person acts. Information-processing approaches emphasise on studying cognitive functions underlying intelligent behaviour rather than focusing on structure of intelligence.

Ans. The Self-report measures which was suggested by Allport is considered as the best method to assess a person by asking her/him about herself/himself. This led to the use of self-report measures. These are fairly structured measures, often based on theory, that require subjects to give verbal responses using some kind of rating scale. The method requires the subject to objectively report her/his own feelings with respect to various items. The responses are accepted at their face value. They are scored in quantitative terms and interpreted on the basis of norms developed for the test. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality. Inventory (MMPI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) are the well-known self-report measures in assessment of personality.

Ans. An attitude is a state of the mind, a set of views or thoughts, regarding some topic (called the ‘attitude object’), which have an evaluative feature (positive, negative or neutral quality). The attitudes are formed in the following ways

(i) Learning Attitudes by Association A positive attitude towards the subject is learned through the positive association between a teacher and a student.

(ii) Learning Attitudes by Being Rewarded or Punished If an individual is praised for showing a particular attitude, chances are high that she/he will develop that attitude further.

(iii) Learning Attitudes through Modelling (observing others) We learn attitudes by observing others being rewarded or punished for expressing thoughts or showing behaviour of a particular kind towards the attitude object.

(iv) Learning Attitudes through Group or Cultural Norms We learn attitudes through the norms of our group or culture. Norms are unwritten rules about behaviour that everyone is supposed to show under specific circumstances. Over time, these norms may become part of our social cognition in the form of attitudes.

(v) Learning through Exposure to Information Many attitudes are learned in a social context but not necessarily in the physical presence of other. Today, with the huge amount of information that is being provided through various media, both positive and negative attitudes are being formed.

Ans. The following factors influence the attitude formation

(i) Family and School Environment Family and the school environment play a significant role in shaping attitude formation.

Learning of attitudes within the family and school usually takes place by association, through rewards and punishments and through modelling.

(ii) Reference Groups It indicates to an individual the norms regarding acceptable behaviour and ways of thinking. Thus, they reflect learning of attitudes through group or cultural norms. Attitudes towards various topics, such as political, religious and social groups, occupations, national and other issues are often developed through reference groups. Their influence is noticeable especially during the beginning of adolescence, at which time it is important for the individual to feel that she/he belongs to a group. Therefore, the role of reference groups in attitude formation may also be a case of learning through reward and punishment.

(iii) Personal Experiences Many attitudes are formed through direct personal experiences which bring about a drastic change in our attitude towards people and our own life. For example, a driver in army escaped death in an accident where all his companions got killed. After that he left the job and became a community leader for the upliftment of his community.

(iv) Media-related Influences Technological advances in recent times have made audio- visual media and the Internet very powerful sources of information that lead to attitude formation and change. In addition, school level textbooks also influence attitude formation. These sources first strengthen the cognitive and affective components of attitudes and gradually may affect the behavioural component.

The media can apply both good and bad influences on attitudes. The media can be used to create consumerist attitude where it is not existed. It can also create positive attitudes to facilitate social harmony.

Ans. Irving Janis discovered a process known as groupthink in which a group allows its concerns for unanimity.

The process of groupthink occurs when a group with a particular agenda makes problematic or irrational decisions because its members value harmony and coherence over accurate and practical analysis as well as critical evaluation. Individual members of the group are strongly discouraged from any disagreement with the consensus and set aside there.

Groupthink suggests the appearance of consensus or unanimous agreement within a group.

All members of a group agree upon a particular decision of the group. No one express dissenting (disagreement) opinion as it can destroy the cohesion of the group.

There are also some ways to prevent groupthink. These are as follows

(i) Encouraging and rewarding critical Thinking.

(ii) Encouraging groups to present alternative courses of action.

(iii) Inviting outside experts to evaluate the group’s decisions.

(iv) Encouraging members to seek feedback from trusted others.

Ans. In psychological studies, polarisation processes describe movement in individuals’ views toward opposite views or extremes. Group polarisation is the phenomenon wherein groups make extreme decisions rather than individuals acting alone. Group polarisation can occur due to the following reasons

(i) When like-minded people are interacting the views become stronger resulting in a decision that favours them.. For example, an employee who has done an antisocial activity on the job can be given an extreme punishment if all the individuals were in favour of punishment for him.

(ii) The favourable view of one person is validated by the others, which leads them towards that attitude, this is known as the Bandwagon effect.

(iii) When you find people having similar views, you are likely to perceive them as in group. You start identifying with the group, begin showing conformity and as a consequence, your views become strengthened.–

Ans. Gary has been diagnosed with Bipolar disorder which is characterised by episodes of both mania and depression with phases of stability in between the episodes.

Ans. Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder dealing with mania and depression.

The symptoms of Bipolar disorder includes mania or hypomania and depression. Symptoms can cause unpredictable changes in mood and behaviour, resulting in significant distress and difficulty in life.

Ans. Some symptoms that are associated with intellectual disability are Rett syndrome, Dravet syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Down syndrome, Asperger’s syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome (Martin-Bell).

Ans. Intellectual giftedness refers to general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas. Intellectually gifted individuals show higher performance because of their outstanding potentialities.