Class XII – Psychology Sample Paper – 2

Ans. (b) i and iv

Ans. (d) Spatial Intelligence

Ans. (b) Relaxation training

Ans. (c) Type-A Personality

Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

Ans. (c) Occupational Therapy

Ans. (c) Psychological disorder

Ans. (c) Exorcism

Ans. (a) Reference group

Ans. (d) Both (a) and (b)

Ans. (a) i and ii

Ans. (b) II and III

Ans. (c) Personal experience influence

Ans. (a) Encouraging active participation from all group members.

Ans. Deb is suffering from anxiety disorder, which is usually defined as a diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. The other common symptoms includes rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination and tremors.

Ans. The message is the information that is presented in order to bring about an attitude change. Attitudes will change when the amount of information that is given about the topic is just enough, neither too much nor too little. Whether the message contains a rational or an emotional appeal, also makes a difference.

Ans. Experimental/Creative intelligence is involved in using past experiences creatively to solve novel problems. It is an ability which integrate different experiences in an original way. Persons included in this types of intelligence quickly find out the information which is crucial in given situation.

Ans. The other two traits of Emotionally Intelligent Person are

(i) Perceive and be sensitive to various types of emotions in others by noting their body language, voice and tone, and facial expressions.

(ii) Understanding the powerful influence of the nature and intensity of one’s own and other’s emotions.

Ans. Panic disorder consists of recurrent anxiety attacks in which the person experiences intense terror. A panic attack denotes an abrupt surge of intense anxiety rising to a peak when thoughts of a particular stimuli are present.

Ans. There are several aspects of self that linked to the characteristic features of the culture. Analysis of self, carried out in the Indian cultural context reveals a number of important features that are distinct from those found in the Western cultural context. The most important distinction between the Indian and the Western views is the way the boundary is drawn between the self and the other. In the Western view, this boundary appears to be relatively fixed.

Ans. Linguistic intelligence is the capacity to use language fluently and flexibly to express one’s thinking and understand others. Persons included in this type of intelligence are ‘word-smart’ i.e. they are sensitive to different shades of word meanings, can articulate and can create linguistic images in their mind.

Ans. The abnormal behaviour of Sangeeta is termed as phobias. It is an extreme, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. A phobia is classified as a type of anxiety disorder, since anxiety is the chief symptom experienced by the sufferer. Phobias are thought to be learned emotional responses.

People who have phobias have irrational fears related to specific objects, people or situations. Phobias often develop gradually or begin with a generalised anxiety disorder. Phobias can be grouped into three main types i.e. specific phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.

Ans. In psychological terms, personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations. People do show variations in their behaviour. As we can see in the personality traits of Om Prakash, who treats people differently on the basis of their capacity. One is not always cautious or impulsive, shy or friendly. Personality characterises individuals as they appear in most circumstances.

For example, an honest person is more likely to remain honest irrespective of time or situation. However, situational variations in behaviour do occur as they help individuals in adapting to their environmental circumstances.

Therefore consistency in behaviour, thought and emotion of an individual across situations and across time periods characterises her/his personality.

Ans. Sandra basically adheres or occupies a term called ‘personality’. In psychological terms, personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations. In this case, an individual, like Sandra’s charming and helping nature personality appeared, people can easily describe about her the way she responds to various situations.

However for a layperson, personality generally refers to the physical or external appearance of an individual. For example, when we find someone beautiful, we considers that person also has healthy and positive personality as it is based on superficial impressions, which may not be correct. Understanding the personalities of people help us to predict their behaviour in varied circumstances. It also helps us to deal with people in better and acceptable ways.

Ans. Three factors that contributes to the treatment of psychological distress are as follows

(i) A major factor in the healing is the techniques adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same with the patient/ client.

(ii) The therapeutic alliance, which is formed between the therapist and the patient/client, has healing properties, because of the regular availability of the therapist, and the warmth and empathy provided by the therapist.

(iii) At the outset of therapy while the patient/ client is being interviewed in the initial sessions to understand the nature of the problem, she/he unburdens the emotional problems being faced.

Ans. The Kohs Block Test, also known as the Kohs Block Design Test, is a performance test designed to be an 10 Test. It includes, 16 coloured cubes, replicate the patterns displayed on a series of test cards.

A major advantage of performance tests is that they can be easily administered to persons from different cultures. The IQ Test designed as a way that could easily be administered to persons with language or hearing disabilities. The IQ technique is used for psycho-diagnostics, the results of which determine mental abilities and personality traits of a person.

Ans. In psychological terms, the creativity can be described as an ability to produce original and unique thoughts, ideas and possibilities, to help solve problems, aid in communication and can also be a form of entertainment.

According to literature, children begin to develop their imagination during the early years of childhood but they express creativity mostly through physical activities and in non-verbal ways. When language and intellectual functions are fully developed and store of knowledge is adequately available, creativity is expressed through verbal modes too.

Those who are outstanding in their creativity may give an indication about the direction in which their creativity lies through their self-chosen activities. In some cases, however, opportunities need to be provided before they can manifest their hidden potential for creativity.

Ans. Four Big Five Factors of Personality include (i) Agreeable This factor characteries people who cares about others, feels empathy, enjoys helping others.

(ii) Conscientiousness It characteries person with high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, goal-directed behaviours.

(iii) Neuroticism It characteries people who are emotionally unstable, anxious, worried, fearful, etc.

(iv) Extraversion It characteries people who has sociability, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness.

Ans. Kanika is facing stress in her daily routine life. The common symptoms of stress can be physical, emotional and behavioural. Any of the symptoms can indicate a degree of stress which, if left unresolved, might have serious implications.

There are three major types of stress. These are as follows

(i) Physical and Environmental Stress These are demands that change the state of our body.

We feel strained when we overexert ourselves physically, lack a nutritious diet, suffer an injury, or fail to get enough sleep.

(ii) Psychological Stress These are stresses that we generate ourselves in our minds. These are personal and unique to the person experiencing them and are internal sources of stress.

(iii) Social Stress These are induced externally and result from our interaction with other people. Social events like death or illness in the family, strained relationships, trouble with neighbours are some examples of social stresses.

Ans. Four significant features of attitudes are as follows

Valence The valence of an attitude tells us whether an attitude is positive or negative towards the attitude object. For example, on a 5-point scale, Rating Scale, ranging from 1 (Very bad) to 5 (Very good), if an individual rates her/his view towards nuclear research as 4 or 5, this is clearly a positive attitude. On the other hand, if the rating is 1 or 2, the attitude is negative.

(ii) Extremeness The extremeness of an attitude indicates how positive or negative an attitude of a person is. Giving very good or very bad in the 5-point rating scale is consider as extremeness in attitude.

(iii) Simplicity or Complexity This feature refers to how many attitudes there are within a broader attitude. An attitude system is said to be simple if it contains only one or a few attitudes, and ‘complex’ if it is made up of many attitudes.

(iv) Centrality This refers to the role of a particular attitude in the attitude system.

An attitude with greater centrality would influence the other attitudes in the system much more than non-central (or peripheral) attitudes would.

Ans. The different types of Psychotherapies are

(i) Behaviour Therapy Behaviour therapies postulate that psychological distress arises because of faulty behaviour patterns or thought patterns. It is, therefore, focused on the behaviour and thoughts of the client in the present. Treatment of phobias or excessive and crippling fears would require the use of one set of techniques while that of anger outbursts would require another. A depressed client would be treated differently from a client who is anxious.

(ii) Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapies locate the cause of psychological distress in irrational thoughts and beliefs. Albert Ellis formulated the Rational Emotive Therapy (RET).

(iii) Humanistic-Existential Therapy The humanistic-existential therapies claims that psychological distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation and an inability to find meaning and genuine fulfilment in life. Principles of Humanistic-Existential Therapy The humanistic-existential therapy works on the principle of self-actualisation. Self-actualisation requires free emotional expression.

The family and society curb emotional expression, as it is feared that a free expression of emotions can harm society by unleashing destructive forces.

Ans. Psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between the client (patient) and the therapist. The purpose of the relationship is to help the client to solve the psychological problems being faced by her or him. There are several factors which contribute to the healing process.

Some of these factors are as follows

(i) A major factor in the healing is the techniques adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same with the patient/ client. If the behavioural system and the CBT school are adopted to heal an anxious client, the relaxation procedures and the cognitive restructuring largely contribute to the healing. (ii) The therapeutic alliance, which is formed between the therapist and the patient/client, has healing properties, because of the regular availability of the therapist and the warmth and empathy provided by the therapist.

(iii) At the outset of therapy while the patient/ client is being interviewed in the initial sessions to understand the nature of the problem, she/he unburdens the emotional problems being faced.

Ans. A group may be defined as an organised system of two or more interdependent individuals, who have common motives and norms to regulate the behaviour of its members. Tuckman suggested five stages of group formation. These are as follows

(i) Forming When group members meet for first time, a kind of uncertainty is created for achieving group goals. People try to know each other and assess whether they will fit in or not.

There is excitement as well as apprehensions. This stage is called the forming stage.

(ii) Storming After forming stage, there is a stage of intragroup conflict which is referred to as storming. In this stage, there is conflict among members about target, process, performance and control resources. When this stage is complete, some sort of hierarchy of leadership in the group develops.

(iii) Norming The storming stage is followed by another stage known as norming. Group members by this time develop norms related to group behaviour. This leads to development of a positive group identity.

(iv) Performing By this stage, the structure of the group has evolved and is accepted by group members. The group moves towards achieving the group goal. For some groups, this may be the last stage of group development.

(v) Adjourning In this stage, once the function is over, the group may be disbanded. However, all groups do not always proceed from one stage to the next in same manner.

Ans. The groups are powerful as they are able to influence the behaviour of individuals. Influence of group on individual behaviour are as follows

Social Loafing Social facilitation research suggests that presence of others leads to arousal and can motivate individuals to enhance their performance if they are already good at solving something. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in many group of male students to clap or cheer as loudly as possible because they wanted to know how much noise people make in social settings. The result revealed that although the total amount of noise rose up, the amount of noise produced by each participant dropped.

Group Polarisation Groups show another tendency referred to as group polarisation. It has been found that groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone. Group polarisation focuses on how groups usually make decisions that are more extreme than the original thoughts and views of the individual team members. For example, suppose you favour capital punishment for heinous crimes and you were interacting this issue with like-minded people. After this interaction, your views may become stronger.

Ans. Componential or analytical intelligence is the analysis of information to solve problems. Persons high on this ability think analytically and critically and succeed in schools. It also includes a person’s ability to successfully complete academic tasks, solve analogies and process information.

Ans. The Triarchic Theory of intelligence was proposed by Robert Sternberg in the 1985s. The theory attempts to understand the human intelligence in terms of distinct components rather than a single ability. According to this theory, intelligence is composed of three basic components, analytical, creative and practical intelligence.

Ans.  Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event either experiencing it or witnessing it. Some of the important characteristics of the post-traumatic stress disorder are flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Ans. The two types of disorders that includes in the somatic symptom and related disorders are

(i) Illness Anxiety Disorder It develops persistant pre-occupation about a serious illness and constantly worrying about it.

(ii) Conversion Disorder The symptoms of conversion disorders are the reported loss of part or all of basic body functions. Paralysis, blindness, deafness and difficulty in walking are some basic symptoms of conversion disorder.