Class XII – Psychology Sample Paper – 1

Ans. (a) i and iii

Ans. (d) Aptitude Test

Ans. (b) Specific Phobia

Ans. (c) Social desirable

Ans. (a) Aptitude

Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

Ans. (b) Johann Weyer

Ans. (d) Giftedness

Ans. (b) Through Behaviour Pattern

Ans. (d) I and IV

Ans. (d) Personal identity

Ans. (c) I, II and III

Ans. (a) Observation of own behaviour

Ans. (a) Type-A

Ans. Creative visualisation is important as it reduces the risk of interference from unbidden thoughts and provides the creative energy needed for turning an imagined scene into reality.

Ans. Centrality pertains to the role of a specific attitude with in the attitude system. An attitude of higher centrality would exert a greater influence on the other attitudes in the system compared to non- central attitudes.

Ans. The male child experiences the Oedipus complex in Phallic stage. It involves love for the mother, hostility towards the father, and the consequent fear of punishment or castration by the father. A major developmental achievement of this stage by accepting his father’s relationship with his mother, and modelling his own behaviour after his father.

Ans. Vaani has componential or analytical intelligence, where person analysis the given information and quickly solve problems. Persons high on this ability think analytically and critically and succeed in schools.

Ans. The best possible psychological treatment for Maniamma is Diathesis Stress Model Test that attempts to explain why we develop mental disorders.

It postulates the interaction between a genetic vulnerability or predisposition and adverse life events in the genesis of major depressive disorder.

Ans. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) is a questionnaire to assess the personality traits of a person. It was devised by psychologists Hans Jurgen Eysenck and Sybil B G Eysenck. This test represents a lack of feeling for others, a tough manner of interacting with people and a tendency to defy social conventions.

Ans. In the given case, Ankit’s mother is giving positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is a process that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response by adding a stimulus.

The positive reinforcement of making favourite dish will increase the Ankit’s behaviour of doing homework at the appointed time. Persons with behavioural problems can be given a token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour occurs. Thus, a positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit.

Ans. Alogia means poverty of speech i.e. a reduction in speech and speech content people with schizophrenia show alogia. It refers to a decrease in the fluency and productivity of speech, often resulting in brief, empty replies or delayed responses.

Ans. Ethics in psychotherapy can be thought of as a frame that defines the therapeutic relationship. Bharti’s private chat and vital information were lost due to lack of ethics in psychotherapy. Some of the ethical standards that need to be practiced by professional psycho-therapists are as follows

(i) Confidentiality of the client should be maintained.

(ii) Alleviating personal distress and suffering should be the goal of all attempts of the therapist.

(iii) Integrity of the practitioner-client relationship is important.

Ans. The best possible therapy for joy must be Client- centred therapy. Client-centred therapy was given by Carl Rogers. The therapy provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with her/his disintegrated feelings. The therapist shows empathy, i.e. understanding the client’s experience. Empathy sets up an emotional resonance between the therapist and the client. Unconditional positive regard indicates that the positive warmth of the therapist is not dependent on what the client reveals or does in the therapy sessions. This unique unconditional warmth ensures that the client feels secure, can trust the therapist. The client feels secure enough to explore her/his feelings.

Ans. An eating disorder is a serious mental health condition that involves an unhealthy food habit. The eating disorders can have a significant physical and emotional impact on the person affected and their family.

The major causes of eating disorder are due to a combination of many factors. A person might use food to help them deal with painful situations. These factors may include low self-esteem, problems with friends or family relationships, problems at school, university or work, high academic expectations or emotional abuse.

Traumatic events can also trigger an eating disorder, such as the death of someone special (grief), bullying, abuse or divorce. Someone with a long-term illness or disability such as diabetes, depression, etc. may also have eating problems.

Ans. This attitude formation of Seema Rajput is called as Learning Attitudes by Association. Attitudes towards different topics, things and people are formed as we interact with others. However, there are specific conditions that lead to the formation of specific attitudes. In general, attitudes are learned through one’s own experiences and through interaction with others. In Learning Attitudes by Association, students often develop a liking for a particular subject because of the teacher. This is because they see many positive qualities in that teacher.

These positive qualities get linked to the subject that she/he teaches, and ultimately get expressed in the form of liking for the subject. It can be stated as a positive attitude towards the subject is learned through the positive association between a teacher and a student.

Ans. The process that will lead to change in Priyanka’s attitude is cognitive dissonance. The concept of cognitive dissonance was proposed by Leon Festinger. He postulates that an underlying psychological tension is created when an individual’s behaviour is inconsistent with his or her thoughts and beliefs. This underlying tension then motivates an individual to make an attitude change that would produce consistency between thoughts and behaviours.

Research has shown that when an individual engages in behaviours that are inconsistent with their attitude or belief (e.g., arguing a counter- attitudinal position on a topic), a change in attitude is produced that is consistent in the direction of his or her behaviour.

Ans. The Mukesh Thapa’s personality is called as self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is the extent to which a person believe that she/he herself/himself control her/his life outcomes or the outcomes are controlled by luck other than situational factors. The concept of self-efficacy is based on Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. He showed that children and adults learned behaviour by observing and copying others.

People’s expectation of mastery or achievement and their convictions about their own effectiveness also determines their behaviour. A strong sense of self-efficacy allows us to select, influence and even construct the circumstances of their own. Self-efficacy can be developed. People with high self-efficacy can stop smoking, the moment he decides to do so.

Our society, our parents and our own positive experiences can help in the development of a strong sense of self-efficacy by presenting positive models during the developing years of children.

Ans. The knowledge base of the PASS Model represents all information obtained from the cultural and social background and throws light on various parts of behaviour. Simultaneous processing is essential for organisation of information into groups or a coherent whole. Knowledge base is closely associated with the Planning, Attention- Arousal, Simultaneous and Successive (PASS) theory of intelligence model and all processes are found within this framework. The PASS Model of Intelligence, has been developed by JP Das, Jack Naglieri and Kirby in 1994. According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of brain.

Ans. There is strong correlation between positive thinking and positive attitude. People who inherent consistently positive attitudes can expect great results, wtiict are likely to achieve by them. On the other hand, positive thinking is developed when we have a positive attitude.

Positive attitude included positive health and well-being can be realised by having a positive attitude.

Some of the factors leading to a positive attitude are having a fairly accurate perception of reality, a sense of purpose in life and responsibility, acceptance and tolerance for different viewpoints of others, etc.

On the other hand, the power of positive thinking has been increasingly recognised in reducing and coping with stress. Optimism, which is the inclination to expect favourable life outcomes, has been linked to psychological and physical well-being.

Ans. Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. Some life skills that will help to meet the challenges of life are

(i) Assertiveness It is a behaviour or skill that helps to communicate clearly and confidently, our feelings, needs, wants and thoughts.

(ii) Time Management The central principle of time management is to spend one’s time through doing the things that one value, or that help one to achieve one’s goals. It depends on being realistic and do a particular work within a certain time period.

(iii) Rational Thinking Many stress-related problems occur as a result of distorted thinking.

Some of the principles of rational thinking are

1. Challenging distorted thinking and irrational beliefs.

2. Driving out potentially intrusive negative anxiety and provoking thoughts.

3. Making positive statements.

(iv) Improving Relationships The key to an effective relationship is communication which consists of three essential skills i.e. listening to what the other person is saying, expressing how you feel and what you think and accepting the other person’s opinions and feelings, even if they are different from your own.

(v) Self-care The better way to prepare physically and emotionally and to tackle the stresses of everyday life is to keep ourselves healthy, fit and relaxed. Our breathing patterns reflect our state of mind and emotions

(vi) Overcoming Unhelpful Habits Perfectionism, avoidance, procrastination are strategies which provides short-term gain but makes the individual vulnerable to stress.

Ans. Factors facilitating good health and well-being are

(i) Diet A balanced diet can lift one’s mood, give more energy, feed muscles, improve circulation, prevent illness, strengthen the immune system and make one feel better to cope with stresses of life. The key to healthy living is to eat three main meals a day and eat a varied well-balanced diet.

(ii) Exercise Exercise is the lifestyle change with the widest popular approval. Regular exercise plays an important role in managing weight and stress and it has a positive effect on reducing tension, anxiety and depression.

(iii) Positive Attitude Positive health and well- being can be realised by having a positive attitude.

Some of the factors leading to a positive attitude are

1. having a fairly accurate perception of reality.

2. a sense of purpose in life and responsibility.

3. acceptance and tolerance for different viewpoints of others.

4. taking credit for success and accepting blame for failure.

5. being open to new ideas and having a sense of humour with the ability to laugh at oneself help us to remain centred and see things in a proper perspective.

(iv) Positive Thinking The power of positive thinking has been increasingly recognised in reducing and coping with stress. Optimism has been linked to psychological and physical well-being.

(v) Social Support Social support is defined as the existence and availability of people on whom we can rely upon and people who care, value and love us. Social support can help to provide protection against stress. People with high levels of social support from family and friends may experience less stress when they confront a stressful experience and they may cope with it more successfully.

Ans. In-groups are groups to which a person belongs, and out-groups are groups to which a person does not belong which could therefore become target for in-group bias. In psychology terms, when we develop a strong identity with our own group, the categorisation as in-group and out-group emerges and becomes salient. Gender, ethnicity, occupation, economic and social position are all meaningful dimensions by which a person can define him- or herself and others in terms of in- groups and out-groups; this is a process of social (and self) categorisation.

The in-group bias refers to a form of favouritism toward one’s own group or criticism of another group. The in-group bias can take many forms and on many dimensions, both evaluative and behavioural. Evaluative in-group bias refers to the rating of one’s own group as better (more positive, less negative) on dimensions of judgement, and as such, it is closely related to the concept of prejudice.

Contemporary theorists have been proposing that people may have good reasons to trust and reward those within their in-group, who may in turn help them in the future. This may explain in-group favouritism but may less easily explain evidence of maximum differentiation or out- group derogation. Clearly in-group bias is not just a matter of rational self-interests but may also include more symbolic and emotional benefits to the group.

Ans. The major characteristics of a group formation are as follows

Common Motive The members of a group shares a common outcome with other members. The group may disintegrate when the common motive is satisfied. This refers to a temporary group like a party or groups formed to collect money for relief fund or to celebrate Ganesh Puja. But a group can also have permanent motive or purpose like family, religious groups and clubs which are formed to fulfil some permanent purposes.

Mutual Benefit There is a rewarding experience associated with group membership, the mutual benefit. The group provides not only the sense of security to its members but also various benefits and roles to participates certain tasks.

Social Structure The group provides a stable organisation of relationships among members, it also provides interaction and communication among members, the group basically act as an idea exchange platform for its members and self- categorisation. The group also provides one as a member of the group.

Fate Interdependence Events that affect one group member affects other group members and can affect the ability of the group to meet the goals for which it may have been formed. If a football team is successful, all members share in the glory. But when the team loses, it is a loss for the whole group.

Ans. The Humanistic-Existential model is useful in the study of human behaviour because it emphasises self-acceptance, personal values, personal meaning and individual choice.

Ans. According to Humanistic-Existential theory, self- actualisation is necessary for an individual to recognise reality before they can truly experience it. The Humanistic-Existential theory shows us that humans are complex beings with unique experiences, thoughts and behaviours that all deserve respect.

Ans. Technology intelligence can be understood as a process in which both new and existing information is collected and evaluated for the study of human psychology.

Ans. In non-Western societies, like in Asian and African countries, self-reflection and collectivistic orientation are more valued as opposed to technology intelligence. In these societies, persons are well-versed in skills of attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed and achievement orientation.