Class XII – Psychology – Paper – 3

Ans. (c) Intelligence Test Score

Ans. (a) i and iii

Ans. (b) Stress

Ans. (b) Reform Movement

Ans. (a) Behaviour Therapy

Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

Ans. (d) Observation of own behaviour

Ans. (c) Both (a) and (b)

Ans. (b) Obesity

Ans. (d) I, II and IV

Ans. (b) Multiplexity

Ans. (c) I, II and III

Ans. (d) Conversion disorder

Ans. (a) Social behaviour is essential for human life and involves more than just being in the company of others.

Ans. A feeling of frustration is experienced by individuals when they are denied the opportunity of attaining social status. It can be caused simply by a person’s position in the stratification system or social hierarchy.

Ans. Karthik personality trait can be demonstrated through the Rorschach Inkblot Test, which was developed by Hermann Rorschach. The test consists of 10 inkblots. The test usually reflects the thoughts of the individual since each person sees different things when looking at the Inkblot.

Ans. Sheetal has the structural unit of personality by the response behaviour. Children do not like eating many of the vegetables e.g., spinach, pumpkin, gourds, etc., but gradually they learn to eat them. This is accomplished through responses (behaviours) that are reinforced.

Ans. In 1905, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, made the first successful attempt to formally measure intelligence. Binet and Simon developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities. Rather than focus on learned information such as math and reading, Binet instead concentrated on other mental abilities such as attention and memory. The scale they developed became known as the “Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale”.

Ans. Albert Bandura’s social learning theory suggests that observation and modelling play a primary role in how and why people learn. Learning according to Bandura can occur simply by observing others’ behaviour.

Ans. Attitude change is the process of modification in the existing attitude towards an object. Attitudes may be changed and modified during and after the process of attitude formation, through various influences.

Ans. Damini is receiving Client-centred Therapy. This therapy was developed by Carl Rogers. It is also called non-directive psychotherapy which is a psychic treatment method that is done by means of dialogue between counselor and client. The goal of this therapy is to facilitate congruence between the client’s ideal self and actual self, aiming for a state of harmonious well-being.

Ans. Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation. It encompasses behaviours that display a destination between two or more persons, often based on their association with a specific group.

Ans. The word abnormal literally means ‘away from the normal”. It implies deviation from some clearly defined norms or standards.

Various approaches have been used in distinguishing between normal and abnormal behaviours. These are as follows

(i) The first approach views abnormal behaviour as a deviation from social norms. Abnormal behaviour, thoughts and emotions are different from a society’s ideas of proper functioning.

(ii) The second approach views abnormal behaviour as maladaptive. The best criterion for determining the normality of behaviour is whether society promotes the well-being of the individual i.e. the group to which she/he belongs.

Ans. Autistic disorder is a condition related to brain development that impacts how a person perceives and socialises with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication.

Children with autistic disorder have marked difficulties in social interaction and communication, a restricted range of interests and strong desire for routine.

Children with autistic experience profound difficulties in relating to other people. They often have problems with social communication and interaction and restricted or repetitive behaviours or interests. Children may also have different ways of learning, moving, or paying attention.

Ans. The goal of psychotherapies in psychology is to change the maladaptive behaviours, decrease the sense of personal distress, this will help Natasha to adapt better to his environment.

The primary goals of psychotherapy are as follows

(i) To know yourself better.

(ii) Alleviate emotional pain or confusion.

(iii) Assist you in developing a more complete understanding of your psychological issues.

Ans. Self-regulation refers to our ability to organise and monitor our own behaviour. People, who are able to change their behaviour according to the demands of the external environment, are high on self-monitoring. Self-regulation plays a huge role in alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, eating disorders, excessive spending, crime, underachievement, procrastination, sexual behaviour, and more.

Self-regulation helps people think and behave in ways that align with their own values. It allows people to choose how to respond in an effective manner instead of reacting instinctively (and often unhelpfully) to difficult situations. It greatly helps in people who are struggling with self-regulation.

Ans. People characterised by Type-A personality in psychology seem to possess high motivation, lack patience, feel short of time, be in a great hurry, and feel like being always burdened with work. Such people find it difficult to slow down and relax.

Some of the characteristics of Type-A personality are as follow

(i) Competitive One main characteristic of people with Type-A personality is competitiveness. They always feel the need to win in any situation.

(ii) Impatient Type-A individuals are usually in a hurry. They get frustrated when they need to fall in line, tend to lose their temper quickly, move fast and often, and think that they don’t have a lot of time to spare.

(iii) Overly Ambitious They associate success with their accomplishments, pushing themselves with deadlines, and always looking to achieve more and climb high.

Ans. Resilience is a dynamic developmental process referring to the maintenance of positive adjustment under challenging life conditions. As we can see Simranjeet had the capacity to ‘bounce back’ in the face of stress and adversity. Resilience has been conceptualised as reflecting feelings of self-worth and self-confidence, autonomy and self-reliance, seeking a confidence and flexibility and a belief that one’s life has purpose and meaning. Resilient individuals are able to overcome the effects of trauma, stress and adversity and learn to live psychologically healthy and meaningful lives.

Ans. Emotional intelligence is a collection of skills that form the foundation for accurately perceiving, expressing, and managing emotions. It represents the emotional aspect of intelligence. Merely possessing a high IQ and a strong academic record is insufficient for achieving success in life.

Farhan’s parents are aware of this fact that emotional intelligence shall help to reduce his son’s stresses and challenges of the outside world. Programmes aimed at improving students’ emotional intelligence have beneficial effects on their academic achievement. They encourage cooperative behaviour and reduce their antisocial activities.

Ans. Cognitive dissonance was proposed by Leon Festinger. It emphasises that the cognitive components of an attitude must be ‘consonant’ (opposite of dissonant) i.e. they should be logically in line with each other. If an individual finds that two cognitions in an attitude are dissonant then one of them will be changed in the direction of consonance. Festinger and Carlsmith, two social psychologists, conducted an experiment that showed the working of cognitive dissonance. Both balance and cognitive dissonance are examples of cognitive consistency.

Cognitive consistency means that two components, aspects or elements of the attitude, or attitude system, must be in the same direction. Each element should logically fall in line with other elements. If this does not happen, then the person experiences a kind of mental discomfort. In such a state, some aspects in the attitude system changes in the direction of consistency, because our cognitive system requires logical consistency.

Ans. Personality generally refers to the physical or external appearance of an individual. In psychological terms, personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations.

Cultural approach attempts to understand personality in relation to the features of ecological and cultural environment.

It proposes that a group’s ‘economic maintenance system’ plays a vital role in the origin of cultural and behavioural variations.

People develop various personality (behavioural) qualities in an attempt to adapt to the ecological and cultural features of a group’s life.

Thus, the cultural approach considers personality as an adaptation of individuals or groups to the demands of their ecology and culture.

This can be explained with the help of Birhor Tribal Group. They lead a nomadic life and move in small bands from one forest to another in search of food and forest products (e.g. fruits, roots, mushrooms, honey etc.). In their society, children from an early age are allowed enormous freedom to move into forests and learn hunting and gathering skills which make the children independent, autonomous and achievement oriented from an early age of life.

Ans. The result showed that John has scored high on psychoticism dimension that tends to be hostile, egocentric and antisocial. This means that his personality contains that trait. H.J. Eysenck had first proposed that personality could be reduced into two broad dimensions. These are biologically and genetically based. These dimensions are

(i) Neuroticism v/s Emotional Stability It refers to the degree to which people have control over their fellings. At one extreme of the dimension, we find people who are neurotic. They are anxious, moody, touchy, restless and quickly lose control. At the other extreme lie people who are calm, even tempered, reliable and remain under control.

(ii) Extraversion v/s Introversion It refers to the degree to which people are socially outgoing or socially withdrawn. At one extreme are those who are active, gregarious, impulsive and thrill seeking. At the other extreme are people who are passive, quiet, cautious and reserved.

(iii) Psychoticism v/s Sociability It is considered to interact with the other two dimensions mentioned above.

The psychologist performed Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Test to determine the dimensions of John’s personality. This instrument is comprised of 57 yes/no items and yields total scores for extra version and neuroticism as well as a validity score. Individuals are generally classified as ‘high’ or ‘low’ on the two dimensions.

Ans. A group behaviour can be defined as a course of action a group takes as a family. The group behaviour focuses is on how groups affect an individual’s behaviour, thinking, decision-making, or ideas. Psychologists also observe how groups behave as a whole and how groups interact with one another.

Conditions which facilitate group formation are as follows

(i) Proximity Individuals with similar background, interests, attitudes, values and opinions when have repeated interaction with each other, get a chance to know each other and develop a mutual liking. This facilitates group formation.

(ii) Similarity Being exposed to someone over a period of time makes an individually assess similarities. Assessment of similarities paves the way for formation of groups. Explanation given by psychologists are that when people meet similar people, they reinforce and validate their opinions and values. They feel that they are right and thus start liking one another.

(iii) Common Motives and Goals When a number of people have common objectives or goals, they tend to get together and form a group, which may facilitate goal attainment. For example, Commuters in a train may form a group which can work towards facilitating their travel on the train.

Ans. In social psychology, an in-group is a social group where a person psychologically identifies as being a member. On the other hand, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify him. Sometimes groupings are determined by factors inherent to who we are (sex, age, and race/ethnicity). However, in many other cases they are formed at in a somewhat arbitrary manner.

In other words the term ‘in-group’ refers to one’s own group, and out-group’ refers to another group. For in-group members, we use the word ‘we’ while for out-group members, the word ‘they’ is used. By using the words ‘they’ and ‘we’, one is categorising people as similar or different.

Ideas about in-groups and out-groups form the basis of a psychological theory called Social Identity Theory, first developed by the psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner. The theory argues that our response to joining groups involves three key stages, which are as follows

(i) Social Categorisation Here we put ourselves and others into categories, for example, we label someone a rapper, a snob, hippie and more to individuals. These labels then serve as a convenient way to imply additional characteristics to traits about the person.

(ii) Social Identification As soon as we are identified as belonging to one group rather than another, we take up that identity in our own and others’ eyes. We become defined in a way that also has some emotional or value significance.

(iii) Social Comparison As members of a group, we then compare our group with others. In the process, we will define our group in positive terms, thereby reinforcing our own positive view of ourselves. There is also a competitive element in our response to other groups. Out-groups are seen in negative terms, and perhaps even actively discriminated against.

Ans. The creativity tests were introduced in psychological studies to assess variations in terms of the potential for creativity in contrast to intelligence. They provide the most representative samples of behaviour, ability, or aptitude.

Ans. No, creativity tests do not measure Intelligence Quotient. Persons with the highest scores on creativity tests do not necessarily have the highest IQs because the kinds of abilities measured by creativity tests differ from those measured by Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests.

Ans. The behavioural model of Psychopathology suggest that abnormal responses, particularly Phobias, were formed through a conditioning process and also can be, treated through new learning- a process known as behaviour therapy.

Ans. The Maladaptive thoughts or behaviour-often behaviours that don’t allow people to adapt to life successfully. For example, hearing voices or being unable to leave the house because of an extreme fear.