Class XII – Psychology – Paper – 1

Ans. (a) Reference group

Ans. (b) i and iv

Ans. (d) Spatial Intelligence

Ans. (b) Relaxation training

Ans. (c) Type-A Personality

Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

Ans. (c) Occupational Therapy

Ans. (c) Exorcism

Ans. (d) Both (a) and (b)

Ans. (a) i and ii

Ans. (c) Psychological disorder

Ans. (b) II and III

Ans. (c) Personal experience influence

Ans. (a) Encouraging active participation from all group members.

Ans. Farhad’s attitude can be described as altruistic. Despite running a carpet business, he devotes his time, resources and passion to running an NGO, providing food to orphans and the elderly, reflecting his selfless concern for others.

Ans. According to Rogers, individuals like Urmila tend to have a high degree of self-actualisation, which refers to the realisation and fulfillment of one’s potential. They are motivated by a drive for personal growth and have a strong desire to continuously learn and develop new skills.

Ans. The two characteristics of Sonam’s personality in this scenario are

(i) Achievement Orientation Sonam’s ability to become the youngest youtuber with 5 million followers at the age of showcases her achievement orientation. This characteristic refers to her strong drive to set goals, work hard and accomplish tasks successfully.

(ii) Advanced Cognitive Abilities Sonam’s exceptional ability to memorise various facts and figures at a doing age highlights her advanced cognitive abilities.

Ans. Swarnalipi has interpersonal intelligence. It is the ability to communicate with people and connecting with them interpersonally. The child looks for being a commentor, a businessperson should have this skill.

Ans. Two features of Self-Report Measures Tests are

(i) Subjectivity Self-report measures rely on individual’s subjective responses to questions on statements. Participant provide their own perceptions beliefs and attitudes which may be influenced by personal biases or social desirability.

(ii) Accessibility Self-report measures are relatively easy to administer and can be conducted through questionnaires or interviews.

Ans. Dissociative Identify Disorder (DID) formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is the psychological disorder where an individual behaves temporarily in two different or opposite ways at the same time. It is often associated with traumatic experiences in childhood. In this disorder, the person assumes alternate personalities that may or may not be aware of each other.

Ans. Vicarious learning is learning by observing others. It is the process of rewarding small changes in the behaviour in which the client gradually learns to acquire the behaviour of the model.

Ans. Based on the information provided, Mandy, the radio jockey, exhibits certain trait personality characteristics. He demonstrates empathy and a willingness to address challenging topics, such as difficult marriage situations, during his Q&A sessions. Additionally, his commitment to hosting the show every Saturday from 9 to 10 PM suggests discipline, reliability and a strong work ethic in his role as a promising radio jockey.

Ans. Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT) is a biomedical therapy primarily used in cases of severe depression, bipolar disorder or other mental illnesses. It involves the application of electrical currents to the brain, inducing a controlled seizure. ECT is believed to alter brain chemistry and provide relief from symptoms. It is administered under anesthesia and typically requires a series of sessions for effectiveness.

Ans. Psychotherapy is beneficial through its various therapeutic approaches by addressing a range of mental health concerns.

Five goals and aims of psychotherapy include

(i) Enhancing self-awareness and insight.

(ii) Promoting emotional healing and well-being.

(iii) Developing effective coping mechanisms and problem-solving skills.

(iv) Improving communication and interpersonal relationships.

(v) Facilitating personal growth, self-acceptance and self-empowerment. These aims help individuals overcome challenges, improve mental health and lead more fulfilling lives.

Ans. Individuals with intellectual disabilities may exhibit a range of characteristics depending on the severity of their condition.

In moderate intellectual disability, individuals may have challenges with speech and language skills, as well as difficulties in self-care and social interactions.

They may require support in learning academic skills and may benefit from structured environments. Each individual’s strengths and areas of need vary and personalised approaches are necessary for optimal support and inclusion.

Ans. Modern thinkers and psychologists give great importance to Emotional Quotient (EQ) because it is recognised as a crucial factor in individual well- being and success. EQ refers to a person’s ability to understand, manage and express emotions effectively. Some attributes that highlight the significance of EQ include

(i) Self-awareness The ability to recognise and understand one’s own emotions, strengths and limitations.

(ii) Empathy The capacity to understand and share the feelings of others, promoting better interpersonal relationships and communication.

(iii) Emotional regulation The skill to manage and regulate emotions, avoiding impulsive or destructive behaviour.

(iv) Social skills The ability to build and maintain healthy relationships, resolves conflicts and collaborate effectively with others.

(v) Resilience The capacity to bounce back from adversity, cope with stress and adapt to challenging situations.

Ans. The PASS Model of Intelligence, developed by JP Das and colleagues, emphasises the role of Arousal- Attention in cognitive processing. Arousal refers to the level of activation or alertness in an individual, while attention refers to the ability to focus and sustain attention on specific stimuli.

In the PASS model, Arousal-Attention is considered the foundation of cognitive functioning, impacting other cognitive processes.

Some of its characteristics include

(i) Alertness Arousal-Attention determines the level of alertness, influencing the efficiency of cognitive processes.

(ii) Selective Attention It involves focusing on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information.

(iii) Sustained Attention The ability to maintain focus over an extended period, important for tasks requiring concentration.

(iv) Divided Attention It could be defined as our brain’s ability to attend two different stimuli at the same time and respond to the multiple demands of your surroundings.

(v) Vigilance The ability to stay attentive and detect relevant information in a sustained and focused manner.

(vi) Arousal Attention impacts other cognitive functions like memory, problem-solving and decision-making. By understanding and effectively managing arousal levels and attentional processes, individuals can optimise their cognitive abilities and enhance overall cognitive functioning.

Ans. Attitudes are formed through various sources and prejudice, in particular, can arise from multiple factors. Some sources of prejudices in attitude formation include

(i) Socialisation Prejudices can be learned through family, peers and societal influences, as individuals adopt the attitudes and biases prevalent in their social environment.

(ii) Cultural and historical factors Prejudices can stem from deep-rooted cultural norms, traditions, stereotypes and historical events that shape collective beliefs and biases.

(iii) Media influence Mass media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion and biased portrayals of certain groups or sensationalised news can reinforce stereotypes and prejudices.

(iv) Personal experiences Negative personal encounters or traumatic events can lead to the formation of prejudices, as individuals may generalise these experiences to entire groups.

(v) Cognitive biases Cognitive processes like categorisation, stereotyping, and confirmation bias can contribute to the development and reinforcement of prejudices.

Ans. Sankalp, being a product manager with a high workload, can employ various stress management techniques to alleviate his stress levels. Some effective techniques adopted by him are

(i) Time management Prioritising tasks, setting realistic deadlines and delegating when possible to ensure a more manageable workload.

(ii) Relaxation techniques Engaging in activities like deep breathing, meditation, or yoga to promote relaxation and reduce stress.

(iii) Physical exercise Regular exercise, such as walking, jogging, or engaging in sports, can help reduce stress by releasing endorphins and improving overall well-being.

(iv) Social support Seeking support from friends, family, or colleagues, discussing concerns and sharing experiences can provide emotional relief and perspective.

Ans. The disorders included under disruptive, impulse- control and conduct disorders category are Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorders and others.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder are irritable, defiant, disobedient and behave in a hostile manner. Individuals with ODD do not see themselves as angry, oppositional or defiant. They often justify their behaviour as reaction to circumstances or demands. So, the symptom of the disorder become entangled with the problematic interactions with others.

Conduct Disorder (CD) and Anti-social Behaviour It refers to age inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms and the personal or property rights of others. The behaviours in conduct disorder include aggressive actions that cause or threaten harm to people or animals, non-aggressive conduct that causes property damage, major deceitfulness or theft and serious rule violations. Some types of aggressive behaviour are

(i) Verbal aggression (i.e. name-calling, swearing)

(ii) Physical aggression (i.e. hitting, fighting)

(iii) Hostile aggression (i.e. directed at inflicting injury to others)

(iv) Proactive aggression (i.e. dominating and bullying others without provocation).

Ans. Stress can cause illness by impairing the workings of the immune system. The immune system guards the body against attackers, both from within and outside the body. When a person experiences stress there body releases hormones, such as cortisol, which can suppress immune system function.

This can lead to a weaselled immune response and an increased susceptibility to illnesses and infections prolonged or chronic stress can also disrupt the balance of the immune system, making it less effective in fighting off pathogens.

Stress can affect natural killer cell cytotoxicity which is of major importance in the defence against various infections and cancer. Reduced levels of natural killer cell cytotoxicity have been found in people who are highly stressed.

When stress is continued, it affects physical health and impairs psychological functioning. People experience exhaustion and attitudinal problems when the stress due to demands from the environment and constraints are too high and little support is available from family and friends. The physical exhaustion is seen in the signs of chronic fatigue, weakness and low energy. The mental exhaustion appears in the form of irritability, anxiety, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness.

This state of physical, emotional and psychological exhaustion is known as burnout.

Ans. Coping is a dynamic situation-specific reaction to stress. It is a set of concrete responses to stressful situations or events that are intended to resolve the problem and reduce stress. The way we cope with stress often depends on rigid deep-seated beliefs, based on experience.

I would like to give some suggestions to my friends to avoid stress in everyday lives. These are

(i) They can follow ‘Task-oriented’ strategy. It involves deciding priorities and acting directly with the stressful situation. For example, a person can schedule his time better and think about how he has to solve the problems according to their priorities.

(ii) Stressed person can make efforts to maintain hope and control his own emotions. This ‘Emotion- oriented’ strategy involves venting feelings of anger and frustration on deciding that nothing can be done to change things.

(iii) Individual can follow Avoidance-oriented’ strategy which involves denying or minimising

the, seriousness of the situation. In this strategy individual consciously suppress the stressful thoughts and replace the stress by self-protective thoughts such as calling up a friend or watching TV, etc.

Ans. Groups play a significant role in satisfying an individual’s psychological and social needs. They provide a sense of belonging, support, and fulfillment, contributing to overall well-being.

Several ways in which groups satisfy these needs are

(i) Belongingness Being part of a group fulfills the innate human need to belong and connect with others. It provides a sense of identity, acceptance and affiliation, reducing feelings of loneliness and isolation.

(ii) Emotional Support Groups offer a platform for sharing experiences, emotions and challenges. They provide empathy, understanding and encouragement, which can alleviate stress, anxiety, and depression. Emotional support from group members fosters a sense of security and validation.

(iii) Social Interaction Group participation allows individuals to engage in social interactions, fostering friendships and social bonds. It offers opportunities for shared activities, conversations, and connections, which enhance interpersonal skills and provide a sense of enjoyment.

(iv) Self-esteem and Validation Within a group, individuals receive validation and recognition for their contributions, ideas and achievements. Positive feedback and encouragement from others boost self-esteem and self-worth, promoting personal growth and confidence.

(v) Information and Learning Groups serve as valuable sources of information, knowledge

and learning. Through shared experiences, discussions, and diverse perspectives, individuals gain insights, broaden their horizons and acquire new skills.

(vi) Norms and Identity Groups establish norms, values, and shared identities that guide behavior and create a sense of purpose. Being part of a group provides individuals with a collective identity and a framework for understanding their role within society.

Ans. Group formation offers both advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these can help individuals participate effectively in groups. Here are some major advantages and disadvantages of group formation

Advantages:

(i) Increased Resources Groups pool together a diverse range of skills, knowledge, and perspectives, resulting in increased resources and problem-solving capabilities.

(ii) Synergy and Creativity Collaboration within groups often leads to synergy, where collective efforts generate ideas and solutions that surpass individual contributions. Group dynamics can stimulate creativity and innovation.

(iii) Support and Motivation Groups provide emotional support, encouragement, and

motivation, boosting individual confidence and commitment to achieving shared goals.

(iv) Learning Opportunities Interacting with group members allows for the exchange of information, insights, and feedback, fostering individual learning and growth.

Disadvantages:

(i) Groupthink In some cases, group cohesion can lead to groupthink, where individuals prioritise harmony and consensus over critical thinking. This can hinder independent thought and innovation.

(ii) Conflict and Miscommunication Differences in opinions, personalities, and communication styles can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings within groups, impeding progress.

(iii) Free-Riding Some individuals may rely on others’ efforts and contributions, reducing overall productivity and fairness within the group.

(iv) Time Constraints Group decision-making processes may take longer due to discussions, negotiations, and consensus-building, .potentially

(ii) Conflict and Miscommunication Differences in opinions, personalities, and communication styles can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings within groups, impeding progress.

(iii) Free-Riding Some individuals may rely on others’ efforts and contributions, reducing overall productivity and fairness within the group.

(iv) Time Constraints Group decision-making processes may take longer due to discussions, negotiations, and consensus-building, potentially.

Ans. Children with autistic disorder have marked difficulties in social interaction and communication, a restricted range of interests and strong desire for routine.

Ans. Some signs of self-stimulatory behaviour in children with autism include repetitive actions like hand-flapping, rocking, spinning, flicking objects, repetitive vocalisations, and intense pre-occupation with specific objects or topics.

Ans. Interpersonal is the ability to understand the motives, feelings and behaviours of other people so as to bond a comfortable relationship with others.

Ans. Two methods to enhance one’s interpersonal skills are

(i) Active Listening To practice attentive listening, ask open-ended questions and show genuine interest in others.

(ii) Emotional Intelligence Training It develop self- awareness, empathy, and effective emotional regulation to navigate interpersonal relationship.