Subject: History
Class XII
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 3 hours
General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory
2. In Section A, all questions from 1 – 16 carry 1 mark each
3. Section B contains questions 17 and 18 based on the passage.
4. Question numbers 19-22 carry 2 marks. The answer to these questions should not be more than 40 words.
5. Question number 23-27 carry 4 marks. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words.
6. Question numbers 28-29 are related to map and cartoon questions carrying 5 marks each.
7. Question numbers 30-32 carry 6 marks each. Answer these related questions.
Section – A
1. What is the full name of CIS written?
Ans. Commonwealth of Independent States
2. When was the Berlin Wall brought down?
Ans. 9th November 1989
3. Which organization was established in 1948 under the Marshall Plan?
Ans. European Organization for Economic Cooperation
4. Write the full name of ASEAN.
Ans. Association of South East Asian Nations
5. When did China invade India?
Ans. 11th October 1962
6. Why did Jinnah propound the two-nation theory?
Ans. Jinnah propounded the two-nation theory keeping in mind the goal of Hindustan for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims.
7. Which speech of Jawaharlal Nehru is known as ‘the long-awaited meeting’ with the bride?
Ans. The special session of the Constituent Assembly addressed by Nehru ji on the midnight of 14-15 August 1947, when India became independent, is known by this name.
8. The Memorandum of Understanding signed between the rulers of the princely states and the Indian Union Well, what is it called?
Ans. Instrument of Accession
9. What is meant by International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
Ans. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries. It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.
10. What is meant by World Trade Organization (WTO)?
Ans. This international organization sets the rules of global trade.
11. What is Amnesty International?
Ans. Amnesty International: It is a voluntary organization. It campaigns for the protection of human rights around the world.
12. Name the present Secretary General of UNO.
Ans. Antonio Guterres
13. Who was the first election commissioner of independent India?
Ans. Sukumar Sen
14. Who is known by the name Frontier Gandhi?
Ans. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
15. Write the names of the two founding member countries of the sky.
Ans. Indonesia and Malaysia
16. After the First World War, which International organization was formed to stop the war?
Ans. League of Nations
Section – B
17. Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, played a decisive role in setting the national agenda. He was the Prime Minister of India as well as the Minister of External Affairs. As Prime Minister and Foreign Minister from 1946 to 1964, he had a profound influence on the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy. Nehru’s foreign policy had three major objectives – to preserve the sovereignty gained from hard struggle, to maintain territorial integrity, and to accelerate economic growth. Nehru wanted to achieve these objectives by adopting the policy of the non-alignment. In those days, there were some parties and groups in the country who believed that India should grow closer with the American camp because of the reputation of this camp as an advocate of democracy. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was also included among those who thought on this stream. Some political parties opposed to communism also wanted that India should make its foreign policy in favour of America, Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party were prominent among such parties. However, Nehru had a considerable edge in the formulation of foreign policy.
17.1 Who is called the maker of the foreign policy of independent India?
Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru
17.2 The objective of Nehru’s foreign policy was (any one)
Ans. To make economic development at a fast pace
17.3 In the above passage ‘Advocate of Democracy’ is used for?
Ans. United States of America
17.4 Who was the first foreign minister of India?
Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru
18. Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions
Globalization always reduces the power of the state – not such a thing. The primary of the state as the basis of the political community has not been challenged and the state remains dominant in this sense even today. The politics of the world is still interfering with the old jealousy and rivalry that exists between different countries. The states are fulfilling their essential functions like law and order, national security and are carefully drawing their steps from within the limits where they want. States still remain important, actually in some ways.
The power of the state has increased as a result of globalization; now state-of-the-art technology is present in the hands of the states, due to which the states can collect information about their citizens. On the basis of this information, the states can work more effectively, their capacity has increased; did not decrease. Thus as a result of new technology the state is now more powerful than before.
18.1 What are the essential functions of the state?
Ans. National security and maintenance of law and order
18.2 In which year did India adopt globalization?
Ans. 1991
18.3 Which of the following statement is not correct?
Ans. As a result of new technology the state is now more vulnerable than before.
18.4 Why did India adopt globalization?
Ans. To overcome financial crisis and achieve higher rate of economic growth.
Section – C
19. What is meant by shock therapy?
Ans. The ‘Shock Therapy’ was the state of affairs which signifies the collapse of communism followed by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system.
20. What is meant by the new center of power?
Ans. After the partition of the Soviet Union, Americas supremacy in the world has been established. Organizations of some countries have emerged as new centers of power. These organizations will limit America’s dominance as these organizations are becoming powerful politically and economically.
21. What is a Prohibition Right?
Ans. Any permanent member of the Security Council can block the decision taken by the Security Council, this is the right of veto.
22. Mention any two advantages of having an International organization in the world.
Ans. a) International organizations help in matters of war and peace.
b) International organizations try to find solutions to important questions like ‘global warming’ together.
OR
According to Mahatma Gandhi, why 15th August 1947 was a day of both happiness and sorrow?
Ans. According to Mahatma Gandhi, 15th August 1947 was to be a day of happiness because India got independence and a day of sorrow because along with the partition of India, there were riots between Hindus and Muslims.
Section – D
23. Explain how Israel can be established as an alternative center of political and economic power?
Ans. Israel as an alternative center of political and economic power
1. Member of United Nations
2. Diplomatic relations with many countries
3. High per capital income
4. Advanced Technology Manufacture Industry
5. Diamond Industry – Cutting and Polishing
24. How did the princely state of Hyderabad become a part of the Indian Union? Explain.
Ans. Hyderabad region included in Indian Union.
1. Geographical Location – The princely state of Hyderabad is situated in the middle of peninsular India and was surrounded by Indian territory from all sides.
2. Desire of the Nizam – The ruler of Hyderabad, the Nizam wanted the status of an independent princely state.
3. Attempt to suppress the will of the people – The public opposed the decision of the Nizam. Para-military forces, Razakars were used to suppress it.
4. Intervention of Indian Army- In view of incidents like looking, killings and rapes, there was military intervention by India and with the victory of Indian forces, Hyderabad joined the Indian Union.
25. India promotes disarmament, yet India conducted nuclear tests. What is India’s nuclear policy behind this?
Ans. India’s nuclear policy
1. Force of disarmament – In the Cold War era, both the superpowers were engaged in increasing their nuclear power. To avoid tension and the Third World War, it was necessary that these weapons should be reduced.
2. In view of security – When China conducted nuclear test in 1964, it became mandatory for India keeping in mind the security of the country.
3. N. Opposition to PT (NPT) – India refused to sign the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty for Disarmament – NPT saying that this treaty is discriminatory.
4. Use of Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes – India said that it is determined to use nuclear energy only for peaceful purposes.
OR
Why did Nehru consider the conduct of foreign policy as an essential Indicator of Independence? Give two arguments in support of your answer.
Ans. Conduct of foreign policy, an essential indicator of Independence – Jawaharlal Nehru’s idea was a pioneer among those who laid the foundation of non-alignment
1. The country that joins the faction loses its identity.
2. Compulsion for the member states of the bloc to adopt bloc relations.
3. It is difficult for the member countries of the group to oppose the group on any subject.
4. Impossible for a member of a group to receive assistance from another group.
5. Freedom from factions is necessary to have a free opinion on the international stage.
6. A country independent of factions has the freedom to choose its own friend/foe.
26. Do you think shock therapy was the best way to transition from communism to capitalism?
Ans. Shock therapy, the best way to transition from communism to capitalism – No, shock therapy was the best way to transition from communism to capitalism. The reasons for this were as follows:
Economic Impact
1. Decline of Public Industries
2. Decrease in GDP
3. Garage Cell
4. Decline in Russian currency
5. Rise of Mafia Class
6. Increase in economic inequality
Political Influence:
1. Deficiencies in constitution making
2. Powerful President with weak Parliament
3. Political instability
4. Clash for Resources
OR
What do you know about the following organizations of the United Nations?
i) UNICEF
ii) ILO
Ans.
i) UNICEF –
– Its full name is “United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund”. It was established on December 11, 1946
– Its headquarters are located in New York
– Its main function is to collect emergency funds for children and help in their development work all over the world.
– In addition, UNICEF supports and encourages actions to ensure the health and quality of life for children in all parts of the world.
– At present its member strength is 193 and this organization is working successfully.
27. What are the difficulties in the democratization of Pakistan? Describe.
Ans. Difficulties in democratization of Pakistan
- Political influence of Islamic fundamentalism – Pakistan is born on the basis of religion, so fundamentalist forces dominate there.
- The supremacy of the army – The army has maintained its influence in the political system from the very beginning by creating fear of security from India.
- Impact of terrorism – Islamic terrorism has made its root in Pakistan due to the support of fundamentalist elements.
- International Interest – There is no special international support for democratic rule in Pakistan.
Section – E
28.
1. Where is the headquarter of International Monetary Fund located?
Ans. (C) America
2. Where is the headquarter of WTO located?
Ans. (E) Switzerland
3. Which is the permanent member country in the Security Council?
Ans. (D) France
4. The country using the most veto power till 2006 is?
Ans. (A) Soviet Union
5. The country Secretary General of UNO is from which country?
Ans. (B) Portugal
29.
i) Identify and name the leader standing to the right in the cartoon
Ans. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
ii) What type of relationship does this cartoon show between the king and the subjects?
Ans. The cartoon shows that the rulers of the princely states oppressed and exploited the people.
iii) To what extent was, in your opinion, successful the method adopted by the right and standing leader to solve the problem of princely states?
Ans. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel could successfully solve the issue of merger of princely states with India.
Section – E
30. Explain any six consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
Ans. Following are the six consequences of the dissolution of the Soviet Union:
1. The Cold War ended in the world due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
2. The dissolution of the Soviet Union brought about a change in power relations.
3. The emergence of new republics in the world.
4. The state controlled industrial structure collapsed in Russia
5. In the republics separated from the Soviet Union, there were internal conflicts due to many reasons.
6. Due to the natural oil resources in the Central Asian republics, this region became the site of war of foreign powers.
OR
Name three challenges that Independent India has to face during the process of national building?
Ans. Independent India had to face many challenges during the process of nation building, which can be summed up as follows:
1. The Challenge of Shaping a Nation: India in different states at the time of independence was divided. So to unite and integrate the country in a bond. A great challenge arose. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel undertook to integrate these states either by will.
2. Establishing a democratic system: India has adopted a parliamentary form of government on the basis of representative democracy and to implement these democratic practices in the nation. It was a big challenge to develop.
3. Ensuring the development and welfare of the society: Through effective economic policies achieve welfare goals with development and eradication of poverty and unemployment Indian politics made itself to do this.
31. What was the economic impact of globalization on the world?
Ans. Economic effects of globalization
Positive Impact:
Globalization allows us to put together all the resources of countries. It helps in increasing foreign direct investment and technological innovation. Due to FDI, the infrastructure of a country gets better and its development also starts.
Negative Effects:
Domestic industries are at a loss due to globalization. As MNCs start to establish in other countries, the home countries cannot compete with them. Developed countries draw skilled people and resources from other countries for their benefit.
OR
Describe the main features of globalization.
Ans. The main features of globalization are as follow:
1. In globalization, special emphasis is given on interconnectedness.
2. Conflicts in interests are eliminated by mutual association.
3. Through mutual connection, the ideas of one culture are easily accepted by another culture. This is called interaction across cultures.
4. Globalization enhances mobility in flows and eliminates stereotypes.
5. Globalization promotes the liberal capitalist system and provides the basis of its proper development to the individual.
6. Globalization promotes common market.
7. Global cooperation, solution of global problems, global issues and global exchanges are its important features.
32. What were the problems faced in the integration of the princely states during nation building. Explain.
Ans. There were many difficulties in the integration of princely states during nation building:
1. Paramountcy over princely states with the end of his rule over India.
2. The British government held the view that all these states were free to either join India and Pakistan or remain independent intentionally. It became a hindrance to the unity of the nation.
3. The ruler of Travancore declared the states an independent one.
4. The Nizams of Hyderabad and Bhopal also followed Travancore.
5. These reactions created the possibility of partition of the country in place of unity and democracy.
6. Hyderabad was the largest princely state of India. One of the richest man in the world, the Nizam wanted Hyderabad to be an independent state.
OR
What factors make India a strong country in the 21st century? Answer with reason
Ans. To see India as a rising global power in the 21st century, the main factors are the following:
- Huge population of about 135 crore is seen as a major human resource.
- From an economic perspective, India’s ancient inclusive culture is positioning India as a hub with the goal of a US$ 5 trillion economies, a huge competitive trade hub, and 200 million Indian diaspora across the globe.
- From a strategic point of view, India’s military power nuclear power makes it self-reliant.
- The ‘Make in India’ scheme in science and technology is moving towards making the Indian economy self-reliant.