Class XII – Geography Sample Paper – 2

Ans. c) A is true but R is false.

Ans. a) (a) – (iii), (b) – (i), (c) – (ii), (d) – (iv)

Ans. c) 50 million

Ans. a) Both statements are correct and statement ii correctly explains the statement i

Ans. a) 53

Ans. b) Electrical energy

Ans. a) Gujarat

Ans. b) Ammonia

Ans. d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. d) Both are incorrect

Ans. c) ii, iii, iv, i

Ans. a) Ratzel

Ans. b) Forest

Ans. c) Closely built-up area of houses

Ans. b) (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c) – (ii), (d) – (i)

Ans. d) 16.96%

Ans. c) Hamleted settlement

Ans. Activities that transform the raw materials into valuable products are called secondary activities. The manufacturing and Industry sector known as the secondary sector, or the production sector, includes all branches of human activities that transform raw materials into products or goods.

Ans. The importance of secondary activities is that these activities add value to the natural resources by the transformation of raw materials into useful and valuable products.

Ans. Secondary activities change the form and value of raw material by the following process:

a. manufacturing

b. processing

c. construction (infrastructure)

Ans. Suez Canal

Ans. Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea

Ans. A. Port Said

B. Port Suez

Ans. Conservation of water resources is necessary because:

i. There is a vast disparity between population and availability of water resources as India has about 16 percent of the world’s population, but has only 4 percent of the world’s water resources.

ii. The total utilisable water resources in India are very limited.

iii. The population is increasing at a faster rate and the demand is also increasing day by day.

iv. Pollution is making water resource unusable

Ans. Factors responsible for the depletion of water resources in India

i. Water gets polluted by foreign matters, such as micro-organisms, chemicals, industrial and other wastes. Such matters deteriorate the quality of water and render it unfit for human use.

ii. When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, ocean and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water.

iii. This results in pollution of water, whereby quality of water deteriorates affecting aquatic systems. Sometimes, these pollutants also seep down and pollute groundwater.

Ans. The decadal growth rate is a vital part of Census operations. This gives an overview of the percentage of total population growth in a particular decade.

Ans. A rapid fall in the mortality rate but a high fertility rate of population in the country. It is in this period, after the, Independence that developmental activities were introduced through a centralised planning process and economy started showing up ensuring the improvement of living condition of people at large. Consequently, there was a high natural increase and higher growth rate.

Ans. During 2001-2011 period because downward trend of crude birth rate is held responsible for such a population growth. This was, in turn, affected by an increase in the mean age at marriage, improved quality of life particularly education of females in the country.

Ans. The changing pattern of the composition of India’s exports can be understood through the following points:

i. There is a decrease in the share of agriculture and allied products.

ii. The share of petroleum products has increased mainly because of the rise in petroleum prices and increase in the petroleum refining capacity of India.

iii. A huge decline is registered in the exports of traditional items like coffee, spices, tea, pulses, etc due to the tough international competition.

iv. The increase has been registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products, and sugar, etc.

v. Gems and jewellery are other commodities that have a larger share in India’s international trade.

Ans. A digital divide is an economic and social inequality according to categories of persons in a given population for their access to the use of, or knowledge of information and communication technologies (ICT). The divide within countries may refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, geographical areas, usually at different socioeconomic levels or other demographic categories. Digital divide implies a division on the basis of availability of access to Information & technology, whether on the cause of Illiteracy or adequate training or denial of access due to non-availability of finance to meet the access.

Ans. The interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid latitudes in the world are the areas where extensive commercial grain cultivation takes place.

Here the size of farms is very large and population is in small number. That is why entire operations of cultivation right from ploughing to harvesting is mechanised. Therefore, yield per person is high as the number of people working in farms is less and lot of machines are used.

However, the size of the farms are very large due to which per acre production or yield is low even though the total production is high. This type of agriculture is practised in Eurasian Steppes, Canadian and American Prairies, Pampas of Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Australian Downs and the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand. Wheat is the principal crop and other crops are corn, barley, oats and rye.

Ans. Mediterranean Agriculture:

– It is practised in the countries on either side of the Mediterranean Sea in Europe and in North Africa from Tunisia to the Atlantic coast southern California central Chile southwestern parts of South Africa and south and southwestern parts of Australia.

– This region is an important supplier of citrus fruits.

– Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the Mediterranean region.

– Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from high-quality grapes in various countries of this region.

– The inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants. This region also produces olives and figs.

– The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in European and North American markets.

Ans. i. Land transport is the transport or movement of people, animals or goods from one location to another location on land.

ii. Development of the efficient means of transport has knit together all the nations of the world into one big world market.

iii. Even the perishable articles like fish, dairy products, meat, etc., are being transported to distant places of the world. But without good transport facilities, such as development in trade and commerce would not be possible. In India, there are many highways linking the major towns and cities. For example, the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) or Super Expressways connects the four metropolitan cities-New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad which has helped in the development of the trade.

iv. Tourism is much about travel and therefore the role of transportation in its operation is vital. For eg, Car transport is the dominant mode in world tourism because of advantages such as flexibility, price, and independence.

Ans. Waterways are important mode of transport for both passengers and cargo traffic in India in the following ways:

– Waterways provide cheapest and most suitable transportation for heavy and bulky material for long distances from one region to another.

– It is a fuel efficient and eco-friendly means of transport as it does not require maintenance and construction of routes, which involves high cost.

– India has 14,500 km of Inland waterways which accounts for 1% of country’s transportation.

– At present, over 5,600 km of rivers are navigable by mechanised vessels in India. Which are used to transport both passenger and freight.

– Backwaters (Kayal) of Kerala have special significance as they provide cheap means of transport as well as tourism activities.

– It reduces congestion and accidents on roads highways as freight can be moved easily with waterways.

– It can be used for transporting both domestic as well as international cargo. India has many major and minor parts, which are facilitating trade within the country as well as internationally.

– Waterways have potential for cruise, tourism and passenger traffic that can contribute to the development of the country.

Ans. Balance of Trade:

i. Balance of trade records the volume of goods and services imported as well as exported by a country to other countries.

ii. If the value of imports is more than the value of a country’s exports, the country has a negative or unfavourable balance of trade.

iii. If the value of export is more than the value of imports then the country has a positive or favourable balance of trade.

Role of World Trade Organisation (WTO) in international trade:

i. It ensures free and fair trade amongst the member nations.

ii. It sets the rules for global trading system.

iii. It resolves the disputes between the member nations.

iv. WTO also covers trade in services, such as telecommunication and banking, and others issues such as intellectual

Ans. In1948, to liberalise the world from high customs tariffs and various other types of restrictions, General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed by some countries. In 1994, it was decided by the member countries to set up a permanent institution for looking after the promotion of free and fair trade amongst nation and the GATT was transformed into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) from 1st January 1995. WTO is the only international organisation dealing with the global rules of trade between nations.

The functions of WTO are as follows:

i. It sets the rules for the global trading system.

ii. It promotes free and fair trade amongst different countries of the world.

iii. WTO also covers trade in services, such as telecommunication and banking, and other issues such as intellectual rights.

World Trade Organisation has always been criticised by those who are worried about the effects of free trade and economic globalisation. The critique of WTO is based on an argument that free trade is not beneficial to ordinary people as it is widening the gulf between rich and poor by making rich countries more richer. This is because influential nations try to satisfy their commercial interests through WTO. In addition, these countries have not fully opened their markets to developing countries. Critics also argue that important issues like health, workers’ rights, child labour and environment have been ignored by WTO.

Ans. Three types of changes that an economy undergoes, which affect land-use are:

i. The size of the economy measured in terms of value for all the goods and services produced in the economy grows over time as a result of increasing population, change in income levels, available technology and associated factors. As a result, the pressure on land will increase with time and marginal lands would come underuse.

ii. Secondly, the composition of the economy would undergo a change over time. In other words, the secondary and the tertiary sectors usually grow much faster than the primary sector, specifically the agricultural sector. This type of change is common in developing countries like India. This process would result in a gradual shift of land from agricultural uses to non-agricultural uses. The agricultural land is being used for building purposes.

iii. Thirdly, though the contribution of the agricultural activities reduces over time, the pressure on land for agricultural activities does not decline. The reasons for continued pressure on agricultural land are, In developing countries, the share of population dependent on agriculture usually declines much more slowly compared to the decline in the sector’s share in GDP and the number of people that the agricultural sector has to feed is increasing day by day

Ans. Integrated area approach and local planning is important measures for reducing regional disparities in India. It is related them to the preparation of an integrated plan for selected areas and to the formulation of district plans. A few integrated plans are as under:

i. Hill Area Development Programme: It was initiated in hilly areas of Uttaranchal, Assam, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. The main objectives of this were:

a. To exploit local resources of the hill areas.

b. To start the primary activities such as horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry.

c. To imitate the conservation measures.

d. To began suitable village industries.

ii. Tribal Area Development Programme: This programme has been taken upon those areas where tribal population is more than 50% such as in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Rajasthan.

iii. Drought Prone Area Programme: The aim was to provide employment to the rural people in drought-prone areas, to introduce relief operations.

iv. Metropolitan Regional Planning: Urban master plans were prepared for capital and port cities to reduce the problem of rapid urbanisation and to control large scale immigration from rural to urban. A master plan was prepared for Delhi in 1955 to develop the satellite towns around Delhi.

Ans. i. The first requirement is the strict implementation of water management policy. The canal project envisages protective irrigation in Stage-1 and extensive irrigation of crops and pasture development in Stage-II.

ii. In general, the cropping pattern shall not include water-intensive crops. It shall be adhered to and people shall be encouraged to grow plantation crops such as citrus fruits.

iii. The CAD programmes such as the lining of watercourses, land development levelling and Warabandi system shall be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of water.

iv. The areas affected by waterlogging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed.

v. The eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation and pasture development is necessary, particularly in the fragile environment of Stage-II.

vi. The social sustainability in the region can be achieved only if the land allottees having poor economic background are provided adequate financial and institutional support for the cultivation of land.

Ans. A. PAMPAS

B. Trans Siberian railway -VLADIVOSTOK

C. MADAGASCAR

D. NEW ZEALAND

E. ADEN

F. LONDON

G. PANAMA

Ans.