Class XI – Physical Education Paper – 4

Ans. (A) Physical development

Explanation: Yoga helps to promote physical development to maintain the body as well as mind fit.

Ans. (A) Emotions

Explanation: The life of adolescents is full of emotions; their emotions change according to situations. So, sports psychology is the best method to control the emotions.

Ans. (A) Increases

Explanation: Warming up increases the body temperature to prevent an individual from tearing or injuries related to muscles from excessive or sudden stretching.

Ans. (B) 1950

Ans. (C) Assertion (A) is true, but reason (R) is false.

Explanation: The five rings in the center (Blue, Yellow, Black Green, and Red) appear on a white background without any border on the Olympic flag.

Ans. (D) speed

Explanation: Speed is not the principle of Biomechanics.

Ans. (B) Test

Ans. (A) doping

Ans. Option (D)

Ans. (B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).

Explanation: Both statements are true but do not have cause and effect.

Ans. (B) Spiritual development

Explanation: Yoga is a science of experience which is meant for the upliftment of humanity. The original purpose of yoga was — and its highest purpose has always been spiritual.

Ans. (B) gene doping

Explanation: Gene doping is used to manipulate the genes for enhancing the sport’s performance, modifying genes enables faster reactions and increases physical strength. It is based on the principles of Gene therapy.

Ans. (B) freely movable

Explanation: These joints include most of the joints of the body, also called freely movable joints.

Ans. (A) Ball and Socket joint

Explanation: The joint which has an angular movement in all directions and a pivot movement are known as Ball and Socket joints. Shoulder joints or hip joints are examples of ball and socket joints.

Ans. (A) Individualised Education Plan

Explanation: Special Educators are responsible for creating the Individualised Education Plan, an IEP is a document which covered all the information regarding medical issues, accommodation, and educational goals for disabled people.

Ans. (A) Internal

Explanation: Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and tissues in the body.

Ans. (B) Measurement

Explanation: Measurement is the record of performance, or the information required to make a judgment in numeric form.

Ans. (C) Dynamic Process

Explanation: It is a dynamic process which is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of goals and objectives.

Ans. According to the Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation, “Physical education is the education through physical activities for the development of the total personality of the child to its fullness and perfection in body, mind, and spirit.”

Ans. Usually, adolescents adopt the way, which is selected by them, but society creates various obstacles in their way. In such conditions, the adolescent’s revolt against the traditions and customs of society.

During this stage, friends are very important to them.

Ans. The Olympic Games were not held according to schedule in the years:

(i) 1916 due to World War I

(ii) 1940 due to World War II

(iii) 1944 due to World War II

(iv) 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic

Ans. (i) 1964-Tokyo, Japan

(ii) 2008- Beijing (Peking), China

(iii) 2016 – Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia

(iv) 1936 Berlin, Germany

Ans. The word anatomy has been derived from the Greek word “Anatome” which means to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate to each other. The word physiology has been derived from the Greek word “physis-logia” meaning study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. Hence, anatomy and physiology are studied together to give students a full appreciation and understanding of the human body.

Ans. Veins carry blood towards the heart. After blood passes through the capillaries, it enters the smallest vein, called venules. From the venules, it flows into progressively larger and larger veins until it reaches the heart. In the pulmonary circuit, the pulmonary veins transport blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. This blood has high oxygen content because it has just been oxygenated in the lungs. Systemic veins transport blood from the body’s tissue to the right atrium of the heart. This blood has reduced oxygen content because the oxygen has been used for metabolic activities in the tissue cells.

Ans. Kinesiology: The term “Kinesiology” is a combination of two Greek verbs “Kinesin”, meaning “to move” and “logos” meaning “to discourse” or “to study”. As such, kinesiology may be defined as a science that investigates and analyses human motion.

Biomechanics: Biomechanics is derived from Greek words. Bio means living things and mechanics is a field of physics. Thus, it is a branch of science, which deals with the forces related to body movements. Biomechanics is defined as the systematic study of the mechanics of body joints.

Ans. The term training is a process of preparing an individual for any event or activity or for some tasks. Sports training is considered a long- term training program aiming to improve a sportsperson’s performance. Sports training is a planned process by which sportspersons acquire perfection. The purpose of sports training is to get peak performance at a particular time. Sports training programmes are spread over the years with a preparation period, competition period, and transitional period.

Sports training refers to the totally planned and systematic process of making a sportsperson capable of attaining the highest sports performance and developing an all-round personality. The planning, implementation, and control of training is the sole responsibility of the coach.

Ans. External Respiration: External respiration is the exchange of gases between the air filling the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries surrounding the walls of the alveoli. Air entering the lungs from the atmosphere has a higher partial pressure of oxygen and a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide than does the blood in the capillaries. The difference in partial pressures causes the gases to diffuse passively along their pressure gradients from high to low pressure through the simple squamous epithelium lining of the alveoli. The net result of external respiration is the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and the movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the air. The oxygen can then be transported to the body’s tissues while carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere during exhalation.

Internal Respiration: Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and the tissues of the body. Capillary blood has a higher partial pressure of oxygen and a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide than the tissues through which it passes. The difference in partial pressures leads to the diffusion of gases along their pressure gradients from high to low pressure through the endothelium lining of the capillaries. The net result of internal respiration is the diffusion of oxygen into the tissues and the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the blood.

Ans. The assessment of growth and development is helpful in finding out a child’s health and nutrition. Continuous normal growth and development indicates a good state of health and nutrition in a child. Abnormal growth or growth failure is a symptom of the disease. Hence, the measurement of growth is an essential component of the physical examination.

Ans. Special Educators.

Ans. Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Ans. Occupational Therapists.

Ans. Different types of disabilities are:

(A) Physical disability: Nature of this disability is related to the physical functioning of the body and sense organs. As physical disability relates to the functioning of different body parts, the nature of this disability is completely physical.

(B) Cognitive disability: It is also known as intellectual disability. The nature of this disability is purely mental. It is exhibited in the intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour of an individual. The person has an intellectual disability has an IQ level of 70 or below.

(C) Congenital disability: This disability is a disability by birth. Down syndrome, Carpel palsy are considered in this disability. This disability caused due to the division of the wrong cells or development of the abnormal brain.

Ans. Physical Education Teacher.

Ans. Health Education.

Ans. Training/Coaching/ Knowledge.

Ans. Planning.

Ans. School

Ans. cognitive.

Ans. intellectual.

Ans. genetics.

Ans. mental.

Ans. 70

Ans. Adduction.

Ans. Abduction.

Ans. motion.

Ans. pillow

Section – E

Section E consists of 4 questions of 5 marks each.

34. Discuss “Yoga as an Indian Heritage”.

Ans. Yoga is associated with the culture and heritage of India. In Sanskrit, yoga means ‘to unite’ and describes a way to live a healthy life. In yoga, the mind is disciplined through meditation, and the body is aligned and strengthened. It is believed that yoga originated in India about 5,000 years ago. The ancient seers used yoga to explore the exterior and interior world and achieve the knowledge and wisdom of Vedas, Shastras, and Upanishads, which have been passed down to the world. Yoga was evolved by the ancient Indian Rishis as a practical method for the complete physical, mental, and spiritual transformation of an individual. Different periods of Indian history can tell the origin of Yoga.

(i) Pre-Vedic period: The excavation of Mohenjo- Daro and Harappa in the Indus Valley reveals that yoga was practiced in some forms during that period.

(ii) Vedic period: Vedas refer to the oldest portion of the sacred canon of Hinduism. There are four: RIG, ATHARVA, SAMA, and YAJUR. The word ‘Yunjate’ used in Rigveda gives the idea of yoga for sense control. Some concepts of yoga are partially developed from the Vedas.

(iii) Upanishad period: It is the Upanishads, from which the later parts of Vedas provide the main foundation of Yoga teaching and philosophy known as Vedanta i.e., ‘absolute reality’ or consciousness.

(iv) Epic period: Various types of yogic practices were used during this period. Bhagavad Gita is the best known of all yogic scriptures.

(v) Sutra’s period: The backbone is furnished by Patanjali Yoga Sutra. He was rightly called the father of Yoga, who around 200 B.C., compiled, synthesised, modified, systematised and refined yoga in a metaphysical whole.

(vi) Smriti Period: Smritis were written till about 1000 A.D. Pranayama and other purification techniques used to occupy a significant place in every ritual of people.

(vii) Medieval Period: The literature of Natha and Bhakti cults shows that yoga was extremely popular in these cults. Hathayoga evolved and became very famous in the Natha cult. The saints of these periods used to do various yogic practices.

(viii) Modern period: Swami Vivekananda made Yoga very popular and continued to spread its knowledge outside India also. Modern people have adopted this oldest science of life as a tool for keeping the systems of the body and mind in good health.

The seeds of yoga were sowed and developed in India and now, it is spreading all over the world by Swami Ramdev.

Ans. According to W.H.O, “Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.” This makes a person live the most and serve the best. Health-related fitness has various components. These components are as follows:

(i) Active Schedule: Active schedule with sufficient rest promotes good health. It also develops good mental abilities.

(ii) Regular Physical Activity: It makes a person physically active and fit. It helps to improve and develop various systems of the body. In this way it promotes health.

(iii) Health Environment: Healthy, clean, and safe environment is the base of health-

related fitness. So, it could be promoted and developed.

(iv) Knowledge of Health Factor: People should update themselves with good knowledge of health development factors.

(v) Nutritious food and balanced diet: Healthy nutritious food and a balanced diet fulfill the energy, growth, and development needs of the body. In this way it promotes health.

(vi) Good Social Life: People should become active members of society and participate in positive activities of society.

(vii) Proper Immunisation and Medical Care: Proper medical care and regular checks from experts should be given to promote health- related fitness. Also, small children should be properly immunised.

(viii) Away from Health Hazards: People should keep themselves away from health hazards. Drugs, tobacco, Alcohol, pollutants, and intoxicants. It affects the health of a person. (ix) Hygienic Habits and Safety Principles: These principles should be followed for health- related fitness.

(x) Prevention and Treatment from diseases: Proper preventive methods and full treatment

of diseases should be followed for good health. (Any five)

Ans. William H. Sheldon, Ph.D., MD, introduced the concept of body types, or somatotypes, in the 1940s. Since then, nutritionists, exercise physiologists, and even doctors have used it to help design effective, individualized fitness plans. The gist is that everyone falls, though not altogether neatly, into the three categories below. Keep in mind that these are generalizations and that most of us have characteristics of two or even all three somatotypes. People are born with an inherited body type based on skeletal frame and body composition. Most people are unique combinations of the three body types: ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph.

Ectomorphs are long and lean, with little body fat, and little muscle. They have a tough time gaining weight. Fashion models and basketball players fit this category While most of us love to hate these genetically blessed individuals, some male ectomorphs may not be thrilled with their narrow- chested frames, and some female ectomorphs long for more womanly curves.

Endomorphs, on the other hand, have lots of body fat, and lots of muscle, and gain weight easily. They’re heavier and rounder individuals.

Mesomorphs are athletic, solid, and strong. They’re not overweight and not underweight and they can eat what they want without worrying too much about it. They both gain and lose weight without too much effort.

Ans. The waist-hip ratio (WHR) is an anthropometric measure of body shape. It is calculated by taking the distance around the waist at its narrowest point and by dividing the distance around the hips and buttocks at their widest points.

The WHO states that abdominal obesity is defined as a waist-hip ratio above 0.90 for males and above 0.85 for females, or a body mass index (BMI) above 30.0. Women with waist-hip ratios of more than 0.85, and men with more than 1, are at increased health risk because of their fat distribution, whereas, The purpose of this measurement is to estimate body fat % based on measurements of subcutaneous fat it is helpful for deciding on a diet or a training regime. The Jackson/Pollock method uses skin folds to measure body fat percentage. This one use skin folds from 3 different points.

1. Chest

2. Abdomen

3. Thigh

Measurements are taken on the right side of body. Caliber needs to be perpendicular to the site analyzed. The participant must relax the muscle group that is being assessed. When skin fold is pinched, the practitioner should be taking reading at the middle of the pinched skin, not apex or base. Wait 1 to 2 seconds after releasing caliber, record the

closest 0.5 mm. Retake each site in order to obtain

accurate readings.

Measurements:

Chest: Diagonal fold

Men: one-half the distance between the anterior axillary line (crease of the underarm) and the nipple.

Women: one-third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple.Abdominal: vertical fold 2 cm to the right of the navel. Thigh: midpoint of the anterior side of the upper leg between the patella and top of thigh.