Class X – Social Science Sample Paper – 3

Ans. (C) i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a

Ans. (b) It is satirizing the French claim of being liberators while acting as oppressors.

Ans. (c) Germs, such as those of smallpox, against which the natives had no immunity

Ans. (c) Global interconnectedness and awareness between different continents increased significantly.

Ans. 1. The Silk Routes were vibrant pre-modern trade networks linking Asia with Europe and North Africa.

2. They were significant not only for trading goods like silk and spices but also for facilitating cultural exchanges, including the spread of religions like Buddhism and Christianity.

Ans. 1. The introduction of new crops from the Americas, like the potato, improved the diet of Europe’s poor, helping them to eat better and live longer.

2. These crops became so crucial that when disease destroyed the potato crop in Ireland, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

Ans. Print enabled individuals to access and interpret religious texts on their own:

1. Martin Luther: The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote his Ninety Five Theses criticising the Catholic Church. Print allowed his ideas to be reproduced in vast numbers, leading to the Protestant Reformation.

2. Menocchio the Miller: In Italy, a miller named Menocchio read available books and reinterpreted the message of the Bible, formulating a view of God that angered the Church and led to his execution.

3. Spread of New Ideas: Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies in a few weeks. This widespread access to religious texts in the vernacular helped create a new intellectual atmosphere and encouraged people to question the authority of the Church.

Ans. New literary forms transformed the reading experience in India:

1. Reflecting Personal Lives: The novel, a literary form that had developed in Europe, catered to a new appetite for reading. It allowed people to see their own lives, experiences, emotions, and relationships reflected in what they read.

2. Opening New Worlds: For readers, novels opened up new worlds of experience and gave a vivid sense of the diversity of human lives, moving beyond purely religious or epic tales.

3. Focus on Intimate Feelings: Other new forms like lyrics, short stories, and essays reinforced a new emphasis on human lives and intimate feelings. They also explored the political and social rules that shaped such things, making reading a more personal and reflective activity.

Ans. In nineteenth-century India, print became a powerful medium for public debates on religion and social reform.

1. Creation of a Public Sphere: Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread new ideas but also shaped the nature of the debate. A wider public could now participate in these discussions and express their views, leading to clashes of opinions and the emergence of new ideas.

2. Hindu Reform Debates: In Bengal, intense controversies raged between social reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, and idolatry. Reformers like Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi (1821) to argue their case, while orthodox groups commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.

3. Muslim Concerns and Print: In north India, the ulama (Muslim legal scholars) were anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties and feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversion. To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses to publish Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures and religious newspapers.

4. Role of Islamic Seminaries: The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines, using print to consolidate their interpretation of faith.

5. Intra-Community Debates: Print also helped different sects and seminaries within Islam conduct their battles in public. Each group used print to enlarge its following and counter the influence of its opponents, making these debates widely accessible.

Ans. The colonial state’s attitude towards the press in India evolved from relative indifference to stringent control.

1. Early Indifference (Before 1798): Initially, the

East India Company was not too concerned with censorship. Its early control measures were directed not at Indians, but at Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule, fearing these criticisms could be used by rivals in England.

2. First Regulations (1820s): By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom. The Company also began encouraging the publication of newspapers that would celebrate British rule, showing a growing awareness of the press’s influence.

3. Liberal Interlude (1835): In 1835, following petitions by editors, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws. Thomas Macaulay, a liberal official, formulated new rules that restored earlier freedoms, marking a brief liberal phase.

4. Post-1857 Attitude Shift: The attitude towards press freedom changed dramatically after the Revolt of 1857. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clampdown on the ‘native’ press as it became more assertively nationalist and critical of colonial rule.

5. The Vernacular Press Act (1878): This growing hostility culminated in the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Modelled on the Irish Press Laws, it provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. It allowed the government to warn newspapers and, if the warning was ignored, to seize the press and confiscate the machinery.

Ans. The ‘reading mania’ refers to a period at the end of the eighteenth century when, due to rising literacy, there was a huge and growing demand for books among the common people of Europe.

Ans. The common conviction was that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment and that they could change the world by liberating society from despotism and tyranny.

Ans. Mercier described the printing press as the ‘most powerful engine of progress’. His message to the tyrants was to “Tremble before the virtual writer!’, implying that the power of the printed word would ultimately destroy their despotic rule.

Ans. (A) Dandi

(B) Ahmedabad

Ans. (c) Joint sector industries

Ans. (b) Undesirable gases like SO₂, CO, Thermal Pollution

Ans. (b) It will become more prosperous by adding value to its resources.

Ans. (c) Sugar industry

Ans. (b) Environment Management System (ISO 14001)

Ans. (c) Because manufacturing adds value, modernises agriculture, creates jobs, and earns foreign exchange.

Ans. This is the case for two main reasons:

1. Intermediate Products: Basic chemicals like sulphuric acid undergo further processing to produce other chemicals, such as fertilisers or plastics.

2. Internal Value Chain: The products of one process within the industry become the raw materials for another, creating a complex internal value chain where the industry consumes its own output.

Ans. The iron and steel industry is fundamental to the national economy for these five reasons:

1. Provides Raw Material: It is a basic or key industry because its products, iron and steel, are the primary raw materials for all other industries, including heavy, medium, and light sectors.

2. Foundation for Machinery: All industries depend on it for their machinery and tools. Without a strong iron and steel sector, a country cannot develop a robust industrial base.

3. Infrastructure Development: Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of materials for infrastructure development, such as construction materials for buildings, bridges, and dams.

4. Supports Key Sectors: It provides essential materials for crucial sectors like defence for making equipment, as well as for transport, medical, and scientific equipment.

5. Index of Development: The production and consumption of steel are often regarded as an index of a country’s development, reflecting its level of industrialisation and economic strength.

Ans. Industries can indeed control water pollution through several measures:

1. Minimising Water Use: Water usage can be minimized by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages during the manufacturing process.

2. Rainwater Harvesting: Industries can meet their water requirements by harvesting rainwater, which reduces the pressure on existing freshwater bodies like rivers and groundwater. 3. Treating Hot Water and Effluents: Hot water and industrial effluents must be treated before being released into rivers and ponds. This prevents thermal and chemical pollution of the water bodies.

4. Primary and Secondary Treatment: Industrial effluents can be treated in phases. Primary treatment involves mechanical means like screening and sedimentation, while secondary treatment uses biological processes to remove pollutants.

5. Tertiary Treatment: The most advanced stage, tertiary treatment, involves biological, chemical, and physical processes. This often includes the recycling of wastewater, making the industry more sustainable.

Ans. The major policy change that stimulated demand was the liberalisation policy in the 1990s.

Ans. This statement is accurate because the growth of the automobile industry has had a wide- ranging positive impact on the Indian economy. It has attracted significant foreign investment, created numerous jobs, and boosted the growth of related industries that manufacture auto components. Furthermore, it has become a major earner of foreign exchange through the export of vehicles.

Ans. (p) Software Technology Park in Gujarat: Gandhinagar.

Or

Ans. (q) Software Technology Park in Maharashtra: Pune or Mumbai.

Ans.

Ans. (b) I, II and III

Ans. (c) Political parties are often resistant to being regulated and find such discipline inconvenient.

Ans. (b) As a State party.

Ans. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Ans. 1. Ruling Party: A political party that runs the government after winning a majority of seats in an election is called the ruling party.

2. Opposition Party” Parties that lose the election play the role of opposition. They voice different views and criticise the government for its failures.

Ans. Dynastic succession has the following negative consequences:

1. Blocks Ordinary Workers: It prevents ordinary and capable party workers from rising to the top positions, as leadership posts are controlled by one family.

2. Promotes Inexperience: It is bad for democracy because people who may not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.

Ans. This statement is correct for these reasons:

1. As societies became large, they needed an agency to gather different views on various issues and present them to the government.

2. Parties fulfill the need to bring various representatives together to form a responsible government, which would otherwise be unstable.

3. They provide a mechanism to support or restrain the government, making large-scale representative democracy functional.

Ans. The statement highlights a key dilemma: since party leaders themselves are the decision-makers, they are often unwilling to pass laws that would regulate them or curb their power. However, several reforms can be implemented.

Suggestions for Reform:

1. Law for Internal Democracy: A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be compulsory for them to maintain a member register and hold open elections for the highest posts.

2. Quota for Women: It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates. There should also be a quota for women in the party’s decision-making bodies.

3. State Funding of Elections: The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. This could reduce the influence of big money and corporate donations on party policies.

4. Pressure from the People: People can put pressure on political parties to reform. This can be done through petitions, publicity, agitations, and the media.

5. Increased Public Participation: Political parties can improve if more good people who want reforms join them. The quality of democracy depends on the degree of public participation, and the problem of bad politics can be solved by more and better politics.

Ans. Political parties are central to a democracy as they perform several essential functions.

1. Contest Elections: Parties select their candidates and put them up in elections. This process gives voters a clear choice between different potential leaders and policies.

2. Put Forward Policies and Programmes: Parties articulate different policies and programmes on major issues. They reduce a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions, which helps voters make informed decisions.

3. Make Laws: Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature, but since most members belong to a party, they follow the party leadership’s direction.

4. Form and Run Governments: The party that wins a majority in elections forms and runs the government. Parties recruit leaders, train them, and then make them ministers to run the government according to the party’s platform. 5. Play the Role of Opposition: Parties that lose elections play the crucial role of opposition. They hold the government accountable by criticising its failures and wrong policies, and they mobilize opposition to the government, ensuring that alternative viewpoints are heard.

Ans. This case illustrates the function of providing people access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

Ans. It was easier for Seema because the local party leader was more accessible and personally known to her, unlike a government officer who might seem distant and unresponsive.

3. (i) This function makes parties popular because they act as a responsive link between citizens and the often-slow government bureaucracy, helping people solve their problems quickly.

(ii) It is necessary because, for an ordinary citizen, navigating government procedures can be difficult. Parties fill this gap, making them feel close and connected to the political system.

Ans. (b) Assured a high family income through higher support prices.

Ans. (d) It hides the disparities in the distribution of income.

Ans. (b) Better provision of public facilities like health and education.

Ans. (c) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Ans. (d) Sustainable Development

Ans. (b) They ensure that essential services like education and healthcare are accessible to all citizens, not just the wealthy.

Ans. It is true that different persons have different and often conflicting developmental goals because their life situations are different.

1. An industrialist may want more dams to get more electricity for their factories.

2. This may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of tribal people who live in that area.

3. The tribals would oppose this, preferring small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.

Ans. Averages, such as per capita income, are used for comparing different countries or states because total income is not a useful measure as countries have different populations.

Limitations:

1. Averages hide disparities in the distribution of income among people.

2. They do not tell us about other important aspects of development like literacy, health, and security, which are crucial for the quality of life.

Ans. Sustainability is important for development because our future is linked together.

1. Future Generations: It ensures that the level of development is maintained for future generations and does not decline.

2. Resource Overuse: Many resources are being overused. For instance, overuse of groundwater is a serious threat in many parts of the country.

3. Resource Exhaustion: Non-renewable resources like crude oil will get exhausted after a few years of use, and we need to find sustainable alternatives.

Ans. For development, people seek a mix of goals as income alone cannot ensure a good quality of life.

Non-material goals play a vital role in overall well- being.

1. Equal Treatment: Everyone desires to be treated equally without discrimination based on caste, creed, or gender.

2. Freedom: People value the freedom to make choices about their profession, education, and lifestyle.

3. Security: Job security and a safe living environment are essential for stability and peace of mind.

4. Respect: Gaining respect and dignity from others enhances self-esteem and social worth.

5. Friendship: Good relationships and friendship enrich life and bring happiness, which money cannot buy.

Thus, non-income goals are as important as material ones in achieving true development.

Ans. The World Bank classifies countries based on Per Capita Income or average income. Countries with higher per capita income are considered developed, while those with lower income are developing. However, this method has several limitations: 1. Hides Disparities: It ignores unequal income distribution within a country.

2. Ignores Quality of Life: Non-material aspects like freedom, respect, and security are not reflected.

3. Neglects Health Status: Indicators like life expectancy and infant mortality are excluded.

4. Overlooks Education Levels: Literacy rate and attendance ratio are not considered.

5. Excludes Public Facilities: Availability of hospitals, schools, and a clean environment is not measured.

Hence, per capita income alone cannot accurately represent a country’s real development.