Class X – Social Science Practice Paper – 3 – Answers

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Ans. Organisation of people into social groups for the purpose of marriage, work and diet are known as the caste system. The social structure of India is based upon the caste system.

A. It is a system of closed social groups arranged in a fixed hierarchical order of superiority and inferiority.

B. It is different from other society because it is mostly associated with Indian agrarian society and consisting of closed social groups.

C. The stronghold of caste and the trends towards change in its nature and functioning have affected the pattern of social stratification in India.

Ans. a. America was not conquered and colonized by Europeans with the help of superior firepower alone. Germs, such as those of smallpox were helpful to a great extent.

b. America was long isolated from the rest of the world. Its inhabitants had no knowledge and immunity against diseases of Europe.

c. The Spanish conquerors used their instance to introduce germs of smallpox through their smallpox-infected person. It proved to be a deadly killer.

d. Once introduced, the germs spread deep into the continent decimating whole communities and paving way for conquest.

Ans. Human development index is the cumulative measurement of the overall development of the people of a country.

It was prepared by United Nation Development Organization and it is published by UNDP.

HDI is the average of education level index, health status index and Per Capita Income index. According to the UNDP Report of 1990, four main aspects of measuring Human Develop1nent Index are: Per Capita Income, Life Expectancy at birth, Literacy Rate and Gross Enrolment Ratio of the country. The basic components of human development index are explained as follow:

a. Life expectancy at birth- It denotes the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. It is measured in terms of life expectancy in years.

b. Literacy- It is measured by gross enrollment ratio for three levels means enrollment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school.

c. Per capita income- It is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country.

Ans. Trade was the main channel connecting the countries in the past. Silk route connected different countries of the world, as a result, extensive trade took place through this route.

Even now trade is a major channel but besides trade, there is also the movement of capital, technology, people and services across the countries. So, we can say that they are the new channels connecting different countries.

Ans. SEZs or Special Econo1nic Zones are industrial areas where world-class facilities like water, electricity, roads and transport, recreation, education are available. Companies who set-up units in SEZs are exempted from tax for 5 years. The gove1nment is setting up SEZs due to the following reasons:

i. SEZs promote foreign companies to invest in India.

ii. They attract foreign investment.

Ans. Workers have lost their permanent jobs in the garment industry. Faced with growing competition most employers prefer to employ workers ‘flexibly’. It means that jobs are no longer secure and they are employed only when there is intense pressure of work. Wages are low and workers have to put in long hours of work. India’s exporters are facing tough competition and try hard to cut down their cost of production to remain in the competition. Competition an1ong the local garment exporters has allowed these MNCs to make large profits. They are also able to find the cheapest goods in order to maximize their profits. Thus, MNCs are financially strong and are successfully managing their production.

Ans. It is true that the impact of globalisation has not been uniform. This can be explained through the following points:

i. Globalisation has some negative i1npacts on employment and real wages. Due to ushering in of new technologies, output increases, but employment opportunities are not much, especially in rural areas where over 60% of the population lives.

ii. Globalisation is mainly beneficial to large capitalists, industries and large companies.

Consequently, it increases the concentration of economic power and leads to inequalities. In India, during 1990-91 more than 33o/o of national product originated in the agricultural sector, but this share has come down to 23% in 2004-05.

iii. Globalisation and greater competition among producers-both local and foreign producers have been of advantage to consumers, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas. There is a greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products. As a result, these people today, enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier.

iv. Government has also allowed flexibility in the Labour laws to attract foreign investment. Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers ‘flexibly ‘ for short periods when there is intense pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of Labour for the company.

Ans. Power is shared between different organs of the goven1ment such as Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. This system of power-sharing is referred to as a system of ‘checks and balances’ because:

i. All three organs are placed at the same level of power.

ii. The power distribution ensures that no organ enjoys unlimited powers.

iii. Each organ exercises a check on the others. Thus there is a balance of power.

iv. Power is shared between different organs of the government such as a legislature, Executive and judiciary. All these organs follow the system of checks and balance.

Ans. i. In India Joint Forest Management (JMF) programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the 1nanagemen t and restoration of degraded forests.

ii. The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Orissa passed the first resolution for joint forest management.

iii. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department.

iv. In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by successful protection.

Ans. Merits:

i. Multi-party systen1allows a variety of opinions and interests to enjoy political representation.

ii. In this system people get a chance to make a smart and responsible choice between several candidates.

Demerits:

i. This system often becomes very messy.

ii. This multi-party system may sometimes lead to political instability.

Ans. A. Federalism means sharing power among the central authorities and various constituent units of the country.

B. It works in big countries where the area of country is very large and it makes it difficult to be effective managed through only one level of government.

C. In Such cases different levels of the government are formed to have broad based participation of the people.

Ans. The ideology of liberalism allied with nationalism in the following ways:

i. In the political sense, liberalism stood for freedon1for the individual and equality of all before the Jaw. It emphasised on the end of aristocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament and the inviolability of private property, drawing its basic foundation from the French Revolution.

ii. ln the economic sense, liberalis111 stood for the freedom of 1narkets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

iii. From the very beginning, universal suffrage i .e. voting rights were granted only to the property-owning men, excluding men without property and all women. However, throughout the nineteenth century and early twenties, many movements were organised demanding equal political rights.

Ans. The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was brought up with the objective of undoing most of tbe changes that had come about in Europe during the rule of Napoleonic wars.

Objectives of the Treaty of Vienna:

i. Undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during Napoleonic wars.

ii. The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution was restored.

French lost the territories it has annexed under Napoleon.

iii. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

iv. Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.

v. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.

vi. Monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

Ans. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Indian economy because of the following points:

i. Agriculture constitutes the basic economic activity for our population, around two/thirds of our population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.

ii. Being the primary sector, it is a major source of raw material, fodder for a vast segment of important industries in the Indian economy and surely to say is the backbone of the Indian economy.

iii. It is also a source if demand for many industrial products, particularly fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural implements and a variety of consumer goods.

iv. It ensures food security for the country by guaranteeing the availability of food grains in the country.

v. Agriculture’s contribution to GDP is 14% presently on account of the higher growth rate of the non-farm sector.

Ans. Some of the measures which we suggest are as follows:

a. Provide incentives to farmers to trade in agricultural products and also for their supply to the domestic market by facilitating access to land, rural finance, technical knowledge, communications and transport.

b. To facilitate the farmers to produce new farm inputs and enable them to sell their product in markets. It would help to raise their income which in tum stimulates the farmer’s interest to adopt better farm technology with sufficient income.

c. It is also suggested that effo1ts should be made to plug the loopholes in the existing land legislation process so that the surplus land may be distributed among the small and marginal farmers.

d. Promote a change away from staple foods to more Labour-intensive, high income­ elastic products such as vegetables, fruits, and livestock products.

e. An indigenous system for generating technical change is necessary if the technology is to match changing local needs.

f. Agricultural development should be broad-based, with small/medium-scale rural industries. The development of such industries requires an appropriate industrial policy.

Ans. Primary sector continues to be the largest employer because of the following reasons:

• In the secondary and tertiary sectors, enough jobs have not been created. Even though industrial output went up by eight tin1es during the period, employment in the industry sector went up by only 2.5 times.
• The production has increased by eleven times in the tertiary sector but the employment bas increased only less than three times. The primary sector still employs about sixty-three percent of people in the country.
• Both the secondary and the tertiary sectors offer a limited number of services which employ highly-skilled and educated workers. Not all are able to get employment in these sectors. Hence they retain the primary sector which requires fewer skills and no education.

OR

The declining share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P) is a matter of serious concern in India. Support the statement with any five reasons.

Ans. Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy through its share in the Gross Domestic Product has registered a declining trend (fro1n 1951 onwards). In 1950-51 the share of agriculture in GDP was 52% but in 2013-14 it was only 18%. However, its share in employment is not declining and in 20 I 0-11 about 52% of the total workforce was employed by the farm sector which makes more than half of the Indian population is dependent on agriculture for sustenance.

The declining share of agriculture in the GDP is a matter of serious concern because any decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to a decline in other spheres of the economy having wider implications for society. Following points will make it more clear.

i. If the produce in agriculture reduces, then it means that there is not much work for rural farmers. There is more unemployment.

ii. There are many industries that process crops/foods from the agricultural sector. They will be out of business too. So, the economy goes down.

iii. The stock exchange indices also go down. That leads also the devaluation of the currency. People in the nation go hungry due to lack of sufficient produce.

iv. Grains and seeds need to be imported. Hence, the government and people have to spend money on import and pay extra too.

v. That also means self-sufficiency suffers This could topple even governments.

Ans. Democracy is better than any other form of government because:

i. A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government

ii. Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making

iii. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts

iv. Democracy allows people to connect their own mistakes

v. It is an accountable and legitimate form of the government

vi. It promotes equality among citizens

vii. Since every individual is given equal rights, there is less danger of conflicts in society. There are fewer conflicts based on caste, religion or region and less social tensions in society

viii. In politics, the dignity of the individual is cared for

Ans. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality. So all the citizens whether rich or poor, educated or uneducated have the same status. People are not subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves. The ruler has to rule or work according to the wishes and the needs of the people. If the people do not like the ruler, they can change him through election. Democracies encourage the political participation of all people through voting and election. People of all caste, religion, sex, language, etc. are given the right to vote. The political institutions in democracies such as the executive and legislature derive its power from the people. This clearly signifies that democracies are based on political equality.

Ans. Gandhiji adopted nonviolence as a philosophy and an ideal way of life. According to him philosophy of nonviolence is not a weapon of the weak; it is a weapon, which can be tried by all.

Ans. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction. ln the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will.

Ans. a. One could win the battle through non-violence.

b. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

c. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.

Ans. Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.

Ans. Roadways still have an edge over railways in India for the following reasons:

i. It is because it is still the most common means of transport in the country.

ii. The construction costs of roadways are much lower than the construction costs of railways.

iii. While it is difficult to lay down railway lines in hilly tracts or mountainous regions, roads can be easily built-i n dissecting tracts of land.

iv. Roads today connect even the smallest village to a large town. Railways have yet not been able to connect villages to cities.

v. Roadways are economical in transporting a few people and a small quantity of goods over short distances. Roads provide a link between various railway stations. (Any two relevant points)

Ans. In India, roads are classified in the following six classes according to their capacity:

i. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways

ii. National Highways

iii. State Highways

iv. District Roads

v. Border Roads

vi. Other Roads

Ans. The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand.

Ans. In his childhood, Gutenberg had seen wine and olive presses. He also learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith and acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets that helped him to design his new printing press.

Ans. Main features of the printed Bible are as follows:

a. It closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.

b. The types of metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten style.

c. Borders of the Bible were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.

d. The printing of books for elites and the commons was different.

Ans. Ahmedabad

Ans. Nagpur