Class XII – Geography Sample Paper – 3

Ans. d) 2 and 3

Ans. a) 1951-1981

Ans. a) Income approach

Ans. c) A is true but R is false.

Ans. b) USA

Ans. d) (a) – (ii), (b) – (iii), (c) – (i)

Ans. d) Venezuela

Ans. d) Comprehensive port

Ans. a) Seventh

Ans. b) agglomeration economies

Ans. d) Second

Ans. a) (a) – (ii), (b) – (i), (c) – (iii)

Ans. c) Bauxite

Ans. b) Allahabad/Prayagraj – Haldia

Ans. b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Ans. b) 1-(iv), 2-(i), 3-(ii), 4-(iii)

Ans. a) 2011

Ans. The story represents the direct relationship of a household belonging to an economically primitive society with nature. This type of interaction between primitive human society and strong forces of nature was termed as environmental determinism.

Ans. In that primitive human society, there was very low technological development, we can imagine the presence of a naturalised human, who listened to Nature, was afraid of its fury and worshipped it. Also, there was a direct dependence of human beings on nature for resources which sustain them.

Ans. Nature is a powerful force, worshipped, revered and conserved. In the story, Benda remembers to thank Loi-Lugi, the spirit of the forest for allowing him to quench his thirst. He closes his eyes and tries hard to recall what the elders had taught him about these herbs. These show that nature of revered and worshipped.

Ans. The given passage explains the concepts of equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment which form the pillar that supports the idea of human development.

Ans. Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of any bias. Whereas, sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human development, each generation must have the same opportunities.

Ans. Good governance and people-oriented policies are required to empower people.

Ans. When medical treatment is combined with tourism it is called medical tourism. In other words, when foreigners visit a country with the objective of medical treatment, it is called medical tourism. Medical tourism is also an important part of quinary activities. India has emerged as the leading country of medical tourism in the world.Nearly 55,000 patients from the USA visited India in 2005 for treatment. World class hospitals located in metropolitan cities cater to patients all over the world. Medical tourism brings abundant benefits to developing countries like India, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia

Ans. Cities specialise in some specific activities, products or services performing a number of functions.

1. Cities are not static in their functions and functions change due to their dynamic nature.

2. Even specialised cities, as they grow in metros become multi-functional where industries, business, administration and transport become important.

3. The functions get so interwined that the city cannot be categorised in a particular functional class.

Ans. In Class I towns, more than 60% of urban population lives:

1. Out of 423 cities, 35 are metropolitans.

2. With population of over 5 million each, six of them are megacities.

3. More than 1/5th, i.e., 21.0% of population lives in these mega cities.

4. The largest agglomeration is in the Greater Mumbai with 16.4 million people Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, and Hyderabad are other mega cities of the country.

Ans. Types of the settlement are determined by the extent of the built-up area and inter-house distance. In India compact or clustered village of a few hundred houses is a rather universal feature, particularly in the northern plains. However, there are several areas, which have other forms of rural settlements.

Factors affecting different types of rural settlement in India:

i. Physical features: nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability of water.

ii. Security factors: defence against thefts and robberies. Cultural and ethnic factors: social structure, caste and religion.

iii. Cultural and ethnic factors: social structure, caste and religion.

iv. Rural settlements in India can broadly be put into four types:

a. Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated.

b. Semi-clustered or fragmented.

c. Dispersed or isolated.

d. Hamleted.

Ans. Patterns of population distribution and density help us to understand the demographic characteristics of any area. The term population distribution refers to the way people are spaced over the earth’s surface. Broadly, 90 per cent of the world population lives in about 10 per cent of its land area. About 60% of thus population resides in only 10 countries. Population density refers to people living per km2 of an area. Places which are sparsely populated contains few people. Places which are densely populated contains many people. Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult to live. Apparently, there are places with hostile environment e.g. Antarctica. Places which are densely populated have habitable environments e.g. Europe.

Ans. Causes of uneven spatial distribution of population in India are as follows:

i. Physical/Geographical factors: Relief, Climate, and Availability of water

ii. Socio-economic factors: Development of irrigation and agriculture, availability of minerals and energy resources, development of transport, industrialization and urbanization.

iii. Historical factors: Evolution of settled agriculture, pattern of human settlement.

Ans. Characteristics of dairy farming in the world are:

i. Dairy farming involves cattle rearing for milk and milk products.

ii. It is done extensively in developed countries of the world.

iii. It is done near urban and industrial centres.

iv. Cattle are reared in grasslands having soft and long grasses.

v. Fodder crops and grasses are cultivated over extensive areas and special breeds of animals are reared to get maximum yields of milk.

vi. Health care and Veterinary services are provided.

vii. The development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurization and other preservation processes have increased the duration of storage of various dairy products.

viii. N.W. Europe, Canada, New Zealand etc. are the main dairy centers.

Ans. The five characteristics of extensive commercial grain cultivation are as follows:

i. Commercial grain cultivation is practised in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid-latitudes.

ii. Wheat is the principal crop, though other crops like corn, barley, oats and rye are also grown.

iii. The size of the farm is very large and often runs into hundreds of hectares.

iv. This is highly mechanised agriculture in which all operations from ploughing to harvesting are done by machines.

v. Yield per acre is low, but yield per person is high because farms are mechanised and the population is sparse.

vi. This type of agriculture is best developed in Eurasian steppes, the Canadian and American Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the Velds of South Africa, the Australian Downs and the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand.

Ans. Iron and steel industry is a basic industry which provides raw material to other industries such as machine tools, used for further production. It is complex and capital intensive in nature.

It is distributed in the following regions

North America In North America, most of the production comes from North Appalachian Region, Great Lakes region, and the Atlantic coast of USA. The important industries centres include Pittsburgh, Chicago, Lorain, Cleveland, Buffalo, Sparrows Point and Morisville. It also extends towards the Southern State of Alabama.

Europe In Europe, the major producers of Iron and Steel are UK, Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Russia. Important centres are:

UK: Scun Thorpe, Port Talbot, Birmingham

Germany: Duisburg, Dortmund, Essen.

France: Le Creusot, St. Ettinne.

Russia: St. Petersburgh, Moscow.

Ukraine: Krivoi Rog, Donetsk.

Asia The major producers in Asia are Japan, China, India. The important centres are:

Japan: Nagasaki, Yokohama.

China: Shanghai, Wuhan.

India: Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai, Bokaro etc.

Ans. The characteristics of a region that attract tourists all over the world are as mentioned below:

i. Climate: Most people from colder regions expect to have warm sunny weather for beach holidays. This has increased the importance of tourism in southern Europe and the Mediterranean climate offers higher temperatures, long hours of sunshine and low rainfall throughout the peak holidays season. In India, people from warm areas such as Delhi go to Shimla and other places during the summer holidays.

ii. Landscape: People prefer mountains lakes, spectacular sea coasts and landscape not completely altered by man.

iii. History and Art: People visit historical places, ancient towns and archaeological sites. Some enjoy exploring castles, palaces and churches.

iv. Culture and Economy: Tourists go to a place to experience ethnic and local customers. Cheap tourist spots also become a centre of attractions. For example, the homestay has emerged as a profitable business such as heritage homes in Goa, Medicare and Coorg in Karnataka.

Ans. The features of rural settlement in India are:

i. In India compact or clustered village of a few hundred houses is common, particularly in the northern plains. But, there are areas, with other forms of rural settlements.

ii. Rural settlement is purely residential, and shops are few and far between the villagers getting their supplies at the periodical, weekly or biweekly markets or the fair to which people flock in from the neighbourhood.

There are various factors and conditions responsible for having different types of rural settlements in India:

i. The relief of the land exercises a direct influence is that of elevation and landforms on settlements.

ii. The direct influence of geological structure of the world on a settlement is primarily, through the deposition of minerals of economic importance. (Minerals attract) settlement and population are attracted by the places, which are having minerals. Ex: The areas of gold mines of Peninsular India.

iii. Soil conditions are now recognized to be one of the most important series of factors in the distribution of settlement.

iv. cultural and ethnic factors – social structure, caste, and religion.

Ans. a. Difference in National Resources: The world’s national resources are unevenly distributed because of differences in their physical make-up i.e. geology, relief soil and climate.

i. Geological structure: It determines the mineral resource base and topographical differences ensure the diversity of crops and animals raised. Lowlands have greater agricultural potential. Mountains attract tourists and promote tourism.

ii. Mineral Resources: The availability of mineral resources provide the basis for industrial development.

iii. Climate: It influences the type of flora and fauna that can survive in a given region. It also ensures diversity in the range of various products e.g. wool production can take place in a cold region. Banana, rubber can grow in tropical regions.

b. Population Factors: The size distribution and diversity of people between countries affect the type and volume of goods traded.

i. Cultural Factors: Distinctive forms of art and craft develop in certain countries that are valued the world over eg. China produces the finest porcelains and brocades. The carpets of Iran are famous.

ii. Size of Population: Density of population have a large volume of internal trade but little external trade because most of the agricultural and industrial production is consumed in the local markets. The standard of living of the population determines the demand for better quality imported products because with a standard of living only a few people can afford to buy costly imported goods.

Ans. Main features of the Bharmour Region of Himachal Pradesh are as given below:

i. It comprises Bharmour and Holi Tehsil of Chamba district.

ii. It is a notified tribal area since 21 November 1975.

iii. Bharmour is inhabited by Gaddis, a tribal community, which converse through the Gaddiali dialect.

iv. The region has harsh climate conditions, a low resource base and fragile environment.

v. In 2001 census its total population was 37246 in 20 people per sq.km.

vi. The region economically and socially backward and the economy is largely based on agriculture sheep and goat rearing.

vii. The Gaddis are still Metropolitan sizeable section.

viii. The most significant contribution of tribal sub-plan in the Bharmaur region is the development of infrastructure in terms of schools, health care facilities, potable water, roads, communications and electricity.

Ans. Bharmaur Tribal Region is a notified tribal area since 21 November 1975. Bharmaur tribal area comprises Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It is inhabited by ‘Gaddi’, a tribal community. The region has harsh climate conditions, low resource base and fragile environment. The geographical features are:

This region lies between 32° 11’ N and 32°41’ N latitudes and 76° 22’ E and 76° 53’E longitudes.

Spread over an area of about 1,818 sq km, the region mostly lies between 1,500 m to 3,700 m above the mean sea level.

This region popularly known as the homeland of Gaddis is surrounded by lofty mountains on all sides.

It has Pir Panjal in the north and Dhaula Dhar in the south. In the east, the extension of Dhaula Dhar converges with Pir Panjal near Rohtang Pass.

The river Ravi and its tributaries– the Budhil and the Tundahen, drain this territory, and carve out deep gorges.

These rivers divide the region into four physiographic divisions called Holi, Khani, Kugti and Tundah areas. Bharmaur experiences freezing weather conditions and snowfall in winter. Its mean monthly temperature in January remains 4°C and in July 26°C.

Ans. A. NEW ORLEANS is sea poat

B. SANTIAGO

C. SUEZ CANAL

D. TROPICAL AFRICA

E. TUNDRA REGION

F. HALIFAX

G. DOWNS

Ans.