Class X – Social Science Sample Paper – 4

Ans. (a) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

Ans. (c) The proclamation of the German Empire in 1871

Ans. (c) Restore the monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order.

Ans. (b) The revolutionary and political events in France had a significant impact on the rest of Europe.

Ans. Objective of the Zollverein

1. To unify the German states economically by removing internal tariff barriers for free trade.

2. To standardize currencies and promote the smooth movement of goods, people, and capital.

Ans. Measures by French Revolutionaries :

1. Promoted the concepts of la patrie (fatherland) and le citoyen (citizen) to build a sense of unity and equality.

2. Adopted a new tricolour flag to symbolize the birth of a unified and modern French nation.

Ans. Role of Culture in Developing Nationalist Feelings

1. Romanticism and Collective Heritage: Romantic thinkers emphasized emotions, folk traditions, and shared cultural heritage as the true essence of the nation, moving away from rationalism.

2. Example of Germany: Philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder promoted the idea that German culture resided in folk songs, poetry, and dances (das volk), uniting people through shared traditions.

3. Example of Poland: Polish language became a symbol of resistance against Russian rule, with clergy using Polish in churches to assert national identity and unity.

Ans. Obstacles to Economic Growth in Nineteenth- Century Europe

1. Fragmented Economies: The German confederation of 39 states had separate currencies, weights and measures, complicating trade.

2. Excessive Customs Duties: Merchants often crossed multiple customs barriers, like the 11 barriers between Hamburg and Nuremberg, paying around 5% duty at each.

3. Trade Inefficiency: These barriers slowed economic exchange and restricted the free movement of goods, people, and capital, frustrating the commercial classes seeking growth.

Ans. Process of the Unification of Italy

1. Political Fragmentation: Before unification, Italy was divided into seven states, with Sardinia-Piedmont being the only one ruled by an Italian princely house.

2. Early Revolutionary Attempts: Giuseppe Mazzini tried to unify Italy through his secret society, Young Italy, but his uprisings in 1831 and 1848 failed.

3. Diplomatic Leadership: Leadership passed to King Victor Emmanuel II and his minister Cavour, who formed a diplomatic alliance with France to counter Austria.

4. Military Successes: In 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont and France defeated Austrian forces, gaining Lombardy in the north.

5. Garibaldi’s Campaign: In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts liberated South Italy, and by 1870, Venetia and Rome were annexed, completing the unification.

Ans. The 1830s were indeed years of great economic hardship in Europe, characterized by several issues:

1. Population Growth and Unemployment: The first half of the nineteenth century saw a massive increase in population across Europe, leading to a surplus of job seekers over available employment.

2. Urbanization and Slums: A large-scale migration from rural areas to cities occurred, but the migrants were forced to live in overcrowded and unsanitary slums.

3. Competition from Imports: Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from cheap, machine-made goods imported from England, where industrialization was more advanced. This was particularly damaging for the textile industry.

4. Feudal Burdens: In regions where the aristocracy still held power, peasants were burdened with feudal dues and obligations, which exacerbated their financial struggles.

5. Food Prices and Pauperism: The rise in food prices, often coupled with bad harvests, led to widespread poverty and hunger (pauperism) in both towns and the countryside. The food shortages and unemployment of 1848, for instance, led to popular uprisings in cities like Paris.

Ans. The most significant political change was the transfer of sovereignty from the absolute monarch to a body of French citizens, establishing the principle that the people would constitute the nation.

Ans. The revolutionaries promoted the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen), which emphasized the concept of a united community enjoying equal rights under a single constitution.

Ans. To forge national unity, the revolutionaries implemented key economic reforms. They established a centralized administrative system that created uniform laws for all citizens. Critically, they abolished internal customs duties and dues and adopted a uniform system of weights and measures, which facilitated unhindered trade and economic exchange across regions, reinforcing the idea of a single, unified nation.

Ans. (A) Madras

(B) Dandi

Ans. (c) Consumer industries

Ans. (c) BHEL, SAIL, Private sector

Ans. (b) There is a significant gap in quality and integration between the spinning and weaving sectors.

Ans. (c) Bengaluru

Ans. (b) Rishra

Ans. (b) The jute mills remained in India, but three-fourths of the jute-producing area went to Bangladesh.

Ans. Aluminium’s importance is growing for two main reasons:

1. Strength and Lightness: It combines the strength of metals like iron with extreme lightness, making it ideal for manufacturing aircraft and automobiles.

2. Corrosion Resistance: It is resistant to corrosion and is a good conductor of heat, making it a popular and durable material for utensils and wires.

Ans. The location of industries is a complex decision influenced by these five key factors:

1. Availability of Raw Materials: Industries are often located near the source of their raw materials, especially if the materials are heavy and weight-losing, like in the iron and steel industry. This minimizes transportation costs.

2. Labour: The availability of cheap and skilled labour is a crucial factor. Labour-intensive industries are often set up in regions with a high population density.

3. Power: A regular and cheap supply of power is essential for running machinery in factories. Many industries, like aluminium smelting, are concentrated near power-generating units.

4. Capital: The availability of capital for investment in land, machinery, and other infrastructure is a prerequisite for setting up any industry. Access to banking and financial services is vital.

5. Market: Proximity to markets is important for reducing the transportation cost of finished goods and for getting feedback from consumers. Consumer industries are often located near large urban centres.

Ans. The textile industry holds a unique position for these five reasons:

1. Contribution to Industrial Production: It contributes significantly to India’s overall industrial production, making it one of the most important sectors.

2. Employment Generation: It is a major source of employment after agriculture. It provides a livelihood to a wide range of workers, from farmers and cotton pluckers to those in dyeing, tailoring, and sewing.

3. Foreign Exchange Earnings: The export of textiles and garments is a major source of foreign exchange for the country, contributing significantly to India’s international trade. 4. Self-Reliance: It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, from raw material (fibre) to the highest value-added products (garments).

5. Linkages with other Industries: The industry supports many other sectors by creating demand for chemicals and dyes, packaging materials, and engineering works, thus having a multiplier effect on the economy.

Ans. An inorganic chemical is soda ash (or sulphuric acid), and an organic chemical is petrochemicals.

Ans. Organic chemical plants are usually located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

Ans. This statement means that the output of the chemical industry often becomes the input for another process within the same industry. Basic chemicals (like sulphuric acid) are not sold directly to consumers but are used to produce other chemicals (like fertilizers), which are then sold. This internal consumption makes the industry its own biggest customer.

Ans. (p) Haldia (or Shyama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkatta)

Or

Ans. (q) Meenam Bakkam (Chennai)

Ans.

Ans. (d) I, II, III and IV

Ans. (c) There is a growing and worrying role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.

Ans. (c) A coalition government in a multi-party system.

Ans. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Ans. 1. Partisan: A partisan is a person who is strongly committed to a party, group, or faction.

2. Partisanship: Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and an inability to take a balanced view on an issue.

Ans. The challenge of money and muscle power manifests in the following ways:

1. Candidate Selection: Parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money, often sidelining more capable but less wealthy party workers.

2. Support for Criminals: In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections, as they bring in both funds and the ability to influence voters through illicit means.

Ans. This statement is correct for these reasons:

1. This system allows a variety of social and geographical interests and opinions to enjoy political representation, which is crucial for diverse countries like India.

2. Different parties are compelled to form alliances and coalitions, ensuring that multiple voices are part of the government.

3. While this process can appear messy and lead to instability, it is the best way to represent a country’s diversity.

Ans. The statement is accurate because political parties function as a crucial link between citizens and the government.

1. Accessibility: For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader whom they know personally, whereas a government officer may seem distant and inaccessible.

2. Personal Connection: Citizens often feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. The local party leader is a part of their community and is often seen as someone who can understand their problems.

3. Bridge to Government: Party leaders act as intermediaries. They can communicate the needs and demands of the people in their locality to the relevant government officials and departments.

4. Access to Welfare Schemes: Parties provide people access to welfare schemes implemented by the government. A local leader can guide a citizen through the bureaucratic procedures required to avail the benefits of a scheme.

5. Responsiveness and Accountability: Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. If a local leader fails to help, citizens can raise this issue within the party or reject that party in the next election, which makes the leader more accountable than a permanent government official.

Ans. Political parties in modern democracies face several serious challenges that they must overcome.

1. Lack of Internal Democracy: The first challenge is the concentration of power in one or a few leaders at the top. Parties often do not hold regular internal elections, preventing ordinary members from having a say.

2. Dynastic Succession: Related to the first challenge, leaders in positions of power often favour their family members. In many parties, top positions are controlled by members of a single family, which is unfair to other members and bad for democracy.

3. Money Power: There is a growing role of money in parties, especially during elections. Parties tend to nominate rich candidates who can fund their own campaigns, and companies that give funds to parties tend to have influence on their policies.

4. Muscle Power: In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections. This increasing role of criminals in politics is a major concern for democrats.

5. Lack of Meaningful Choice: Very often, parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In recent years, there has been a decline in the ideological differences among major parties on fundamental aspects, differing only in details.

Ans. The two kinds of political parties are State parties (present in only one federal unit) and National parties (present in several or all units).

Ans. A party must secure at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State to be recognised as a State party.

Ans. (i) A party must secure at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or in Assembly elections in four different States.

(ii) In addition to the vote share, the party must win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha.

Ans. (c) Barter System

Ans. (c) The Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

Ans. (c) A loan taken from a village moneylender.

Ans. (d) Collateral

Ans. (d) Because it is authorized by the government of the country.

Ans. (b) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii

Ans. Money’s utility is immense as it solves the core problem of the barter system.

1. Problem of Barter: The barter system requires a double coincidence of wants, where two people must have goods that the other wants.

2. Money as an Intermediate: Money serves as an intermediate in exchange, allowing a person to buy any commodity or service.

3. Simplifies Trade: By acting as a medium of exchange, money eliminates the need to find someone with matching needs, making trade easier and more efficient.

Ans. This statement is justified for several crucial reasons for India’s development.

1. High Cost of Informal Credit: Poor and rural households rely on informal lenders who charge very high interest rates, limiting their ability to increase income.

2. Prevents Debt Traps: Access to cheap credit helps people avoid falling into debt traps caused by expensive loans.

3. Promotes Development: Affordable credit enables investment in businesses, agriculture, and other productive activities, boosting incomes and overall economic growth.

Ans. The ‘terms of credit’ refer to the conditions of a loan agreement. Three significant components are:

1. Interest Rate: The borrower must pay a specified rate of interest along with the principal amount to the lender.

2. Collateral and Documentation: Collateral serves as a guarantee for the loan, and banks require proper documentation before lending.

3. Mode of Repayment: This defines the duration and method of repayment, such as monthly installments or a lump-sum payment at the end of the loan period.

Ans. This statement highlights that credit can either help or harm a borrower depending on circumstances. Positive Role of Credit (Salim’s Case):

1. Salim obtained credit to meet the working capital needs for a large shoe order.

2. The loan enabled him to buy raw materials and pay workers in advance, allowing him to complete production on time.

3. He earned a good profit and repaid the loan, showing how credit can improve business and income.

Negative Role of Credit (Swapna’s Case):

4. Swapna, a small farmer, depended on a successful harvest for repayment. The failure of her crop made repayment impossible.

5. She was trapped in debt, forced to sell part of her land, illustrating that credit in high-risk situations can worsen the borrower’s condition.

Ans. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) play a vital role in solving the credit problems of the rural poor, particularly women.

1. Organizing the Rural Poor: SHGs bring together 15-20 members, creating a collective platform for rural poor, especially women, to support each other.

2. Pooling Savings: Members save regularly, from 25 to 100 or more, creating a pooled fund that acts as the group’s capital and encourages financial discipline.

3. Overcoming Collateral Issues: SHGs help members access bank loans without collateral, as lending is based on the group’s savings record and repayment reliability.

4. Providing Affordable Loans: Members can borrow from the group or banks at reasonable interest rates for self-employment, such as buying sewing machines or livestock.

5. Empowerment and Social Platform: Regular meetings also address social issues like health, nutrition, and domestic violence, making members financially and socially empowered.